CivilSociety版 - In 1977, the United States and the Netherlands col |
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发帖数: 1 | 1 Air crash is one of the most horrific traffic accidents in the world so far,
and the plane crash is basically "no survivors". There have been countless
tragic air crashes in the world. "Malaysia Airlines MH370" and "Kobe plane
crash" are both air crashes that shocked the world. But in fact, the
Tenerife air crash 41 years ago is currently the world's worst aircraft
accident, killing 583 people, including the crew.
March 27, 1977 was a very busy day for the staff at Tenerife Airport, and at
the same time, all the staff at Las Palmas International Airport on the
other side of the sea were also overwhelmed, but the two airports 's
busyness is entirely two very different kinds of busyness.
A bomb had already exploded at Las Palmas International Airport, while
airport staff received threats from an anonymous phone call that a second
bomb would explode at the airport. In order to avoid unnecessary casualties,
security personnel immediately sealed off the entire airport, looking for
the whereabouts of the second bomb.
As the closest airport to it, Tenerife Airport will inevitably undertake the
take-off and landing of a large number of aircraft after the closure of Las
Palmas International Airport, but since there is only one runway and one
taxiway, in order to ensure that each aircraft takes off And the safety of
the landing, the staff on the tower are very busy.
At this time, in Tenerife Airport, there were two extremely huge passenger
planes - Boeing 747, which was the largest passenger plane at the time. The
two giant passenger planes were KLM4805 of KLM and PanAM1736 of Pan American
Airlines. After Las Palmas International Airport was blocked for
investigation, a large number of planes were forced to land at Tenerife
Airport because they could not reach the next stop.
But because the airport area is too small and there are too many planes
parked and landed, the only taxiway in the airport is forced to become the
apron, and the two Boeing 747s are too close to each other, so that the
PanAM1736 cannot move, only Wait for KLM4805 to take off first.
,
And the captain of KLM4805 is very anxious. At that time, KLM clearly
stipulated that the pilot's continuous flight time should not exceed 13
hours. If the flight continues beyond the time, the pilot's flight license
will be revoked.
They have been in the air for nearly 7 hours that day, and after arriving at
Las Palmas, the stopover, they will continue to fly back to the Netherlands
to complete the mission. This is a long journey. Once the flight time is
close to 13 Hours, they had to stop at the nearest airport to rest, and
continue to complete the rest of the trip the next day. Then, the night's
accommodation for the large number of passengers on the plane became a
problem, so the captain of KLM4805 just hoped that they could take off as
soon as possible.
Since Las Palmas International Airport is now investigating the explosives
mentioned in that anonymous phone call, the entire airport is blocked and
cannot be docked for a short time. Therefore, the captain of KLM4805 decided
to fill up the aircraft during this long wait, and the refueling operation
took about 45 minutes.
However, just as the plane started to refuel, there was a sudden news that
Las Palmas International Airport had lifted the alarm and resumed normal
operations. The captain's decision to temporarily refuel was somewhat self-
defeating at this time.
Off the coast of Tenerife, the sea breeze moistens the land all year round,
and it is often filled with fog. At this time, there was heavy fog in
Tenerife Airport and the visibility was extremely low, which was not good
news for flying. Looking out from the control tower of the airport, it was
foggy and almost nothing could be seen.
After a long wait, the KLM4805 after refueling was finally ready to take off
, and the tower agreed to its next takeoff request. Because the radios used
by the two planes are on the same frequency, not only can the tower's
instructions be heard, but the other's radio can be heard as well. PanAM1736
, who heard the news, also applied for a second takeoff, allowing the
aircraft to follow KLM4805 after the tower approved the designation.
PanAM1736 on the day set out from Los Angeles, USA, and crossed the entire
United States, including the entire Atlantic Ocean after a short stop in New
York. The long journey of more than ten hours in the air made many
passengers on the plane restless and restless.
Knowing this, the captain took the time to taxi down the runway. According
to the command issued by the tower, PanAM1736 can leave the runway from Exit
3 after KLM4805 makes a U-turn at the end and waits to receive the take-off
command.
However, the Boeing 747 was a huge passenger plane at the time, and it was
obviously difficult to turn easily on a narrow runway. Leaving from the
third taxi exit requires two big turns of more than 90 degrees, and there is
another Boeing 747 ahead that has not taken off and is waiting for
instructions, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of takeoff.
Therefore, the co-pilot of PanAM1736 made a decision to "leave through the
fourth exit" after looking at the map data of the airport. There are only
two 45-degree turns at this exit, making it significantly easier to maneuver.
The captain of KLM4805 was too impatient, and immediately applied to the
tower for take-off. The tower determined the direction and altitude that the
plane should have after take-off and gave a positive answer. He could not
wait for the co-pilot to hear the reply from the tower. The captain had
already Anxious preparations began to take off. But in fact, the content of
the tower's reply to the captain was "OK, wait in place for takeoff, follow
my instructions".
At the same time as KLM4805 issued the command, the first officer of
PanAM1736 who was taxiing on the runway reported to the tower, "We are
taxiing on the runway".
But sadly, because two passenger planes sent messages to the tower at the
same time, the two radio waves interfered with each other, and the captain
of KLM4805, who was eager to take off, finally heard the message from the
tower was actually "OK, zizizizi——" .
After hearing "OK", the captain pushed the engine to maximum horsepower, and
the huge iron bird began to taxi on the runway.
The first officer of PanAM1736 reported to the tower again: "We will report
after leaving the runway."
The accompanying mechanic of KLM4805 captured this subtle dialogue and
became the only crew member who responded to the dialogue. He asked, "The
runway Didn't you clear it?" The
captain didn't hear clearly. The mechanic asked again: "Is the runway not
clear? That PanAM1736?" The captain gave a firm answer, but it was of no use
. So the last signal that there was a turnaround just disappeared.
Five seconds later, the crew of PanAM1736 saw the landing indicator of
KLM4805 through thick fog. The captain of PanAM1736 immediately slammed to
one side, trying to avoid the approaching KLM4805.
Three seconds later, the speed of KLM4805 had reached the minimum speed that
the plane had to take off at that time, and they could no longer stop
because the remaining runway length of the airport did not allow the plane
to stop and taxi. However, due to the excessive fog, they were at this
moment. Still can't see the PanAM1736 in front.
Two seconds later, Captain KLM4805 finally found PanAM1736 in front of him.
He panicked and pulled up the joystick to force the plane to take off, but
it didn't seem to be of any use.
After another three seconds, the tower only heard an abnormal sound of "bang
--", and the radio also lost contact, but because the thick fog blocked the
line of sight, they didn't know anything about the outside situation.
KLM4805 collided with the PanAM1736 airliner ahead at 290 km/h.
KLM4805 rushes to PanAM1736. After the impact, the PanAM1736 passenger plane
caught fire instantly, and the KLM4805 also caught fire. The tower center
immediately issued an alert to the airport, and firefighters rushed to the
scene as soon as possible.
Unfortunately, they did not find survivors in the KLM4805 airliner. The
visibility was reduced due to heavy fog that day, and they did not know that
PanAM1736, 450 meters ahead, was also burning, and there was a risk of
explosion at any time.
In the follow-up investigation, due to the serious damage to the "black box"
of the passenger plane that recorded the call records and important
technical data, the investigators had to start with the recording records
kept in the tower at that time. 1 minute and 23 seconds before the crash,
KLM4805 had completed its U-turn at the end of the runway and was ready to
take off.
But at that time, the tower staff only issued a navigation notice about the
route after takeoff, and did not issue an instruction to allow takeoff, but
the captain mistakenly believed that they had been authorized by the tower
to allow takeoff.
When PanAM1736 accelerated before starting to take off, the first officer in
the cabin had radioed the tower "We are taking off", but because of the
strong foreign accent accompanying the sentence, the tower staff did not
immediately distinguish what the pilot said at the time. Is the sentence "We
are at the take-off point" or "We are taking off", so the answer given is:
"Okay, stand by, we will notify you of the take-off time", and the second
half of "OK" also Because of the mutual interference of the two aircraft's
radios, the only thing that really reaches the pilot's ears is the "OK"
instruction.
The tower's final instruction to KLM4805 was to stand by, and no specific
notice of permission to take off was given, but at this time, the captain of
KLM4805 had already controlled the aircraft to accelerate along the runway
and was ready to take off.
However, in the follow-up investigation, it was found that the captain of
PanAM1736 did not obey the command of the tower. The control tower told them
to take the third exit, but the investigation showed that their last
departure point was the fourth exit.
The pilots of the two passenger planes did not obey the tower's instructions
, and the weather outside at that time was really unsuitable for flying,
which led to this air disaster that shocked the world.
In this regrettable disaster, a total of 583 people were killed, of which
248 people including the crew members on KLM4805 survived. A total of 335
members of PanAM1736 died, including 9 crew members, almost all of them were
in the middle of the plane. Most of the passengers died in the fire that
was not extinguished in time after the plane exploded, but the flight
attendants at the nose and some passengers at the tail were lucky to survive.
There are many large-scale air accidents in history. For example, in the "
Japan Airlines Flight 123 crash" accident on August 12, 1985, a total of 520
people died, which directly broke the world history of the number of
victims in a plane crash.
In the "911 Incident" that shocked the world on September 11, 2001, a total
of 2,753 people died at the scene of the accident . But 2,606 of those were
victims of the building's collapse, and only 147 passengers and crew were
killed on American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175.
Of course, there have also been accidents that came close to crashing. For
example, on June 9, 2005, at Logan International Airport in Boston, USA
Flight 1170 and Aer Lingus Flight 132 were approved to take off on two
intersecting runways at almost the same time. Fortunately, USA 1170 found
something wrong in time, even if it stopped on the runway. The two planes
collided with each other by waiting.
On October 11, 2016, a serious runway intrusion incident occurred at
Shanghai Hongqiao Airport SHA. Flight MU5643, which was taking off, saw
MU5106 taxiing ahead on the runway. Captain MU5643 made an emergency takeoff
. At that time, the two planes were only 19 meters apart. |
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