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发帖数: 548 | 1 Cleveland Clinic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geography
Location 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
Organization
Care system Private
Hospital type Academic
Affiliated university
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner
College of Medicine
Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine
Services
Beds 1440
History
Founded 1921
Links
Website www.clevelandclinic.org
Lists Hospitals in the United States
The Cleveland Clinic is a multispecialty academic hospital located in
Cleveland, Ohio that is owned and operated by the Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, an Ohio nonprofit corporation established in 1921.[1] In
addition to their flagship hospital in Cleveland, Cleveland Clinic also
operates affiliated facilities in Florida, Nevada, Canada, and United Arab
Emirates.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early beginnings
1.2 Cleveland Clinic fire
1.3 Growth of specialization
2 Research
3 Reputation
4 Locations
5 Finances
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Early beginnings[edit]
Cleveland Clinic grew out of the surgical practice of Frank J. Weed (died
1891) at 16 Church Street on the near west side of Cleveland.[2][3] The
practice was purchased by his two assistants, Frank E. Bunts and George
Washington Crile. In 1892 they brought Crile's cousin, William E. Lower into
the practice.[4] In 1897 they moved to the Osborn Building on Prospect
Avenue in downtown Cleveland.[2][5] Crile, Lower and Bunts became professors
at Cleveland medical schools, and each would be elected president of the
Academy of Medicine.[6]
Crile organized the American military hospital in Paris in 1915, and later
led the United States Army Base Hospital No. 4, in Rouen, France. It was the
first contingent of the United States Army to see active duty in Europe
during the First World War.[7][8] Bunts and Lower also served in the Rouen
hospital.[9] In his autobiography, Crile reports that, while in France, the
three doctors discussed starting a new medical center in Cleveland upon
their return.[8][10]
Cleveland Clinic's original building, built in 1921
A four-story outpatient building was constructed and Cleveland Clinic was
dedicated at a private ceremony on February 26, 1921.[11] William James Mayo
, MD, of the Mayo Clinic, delivered the main address.[10][12] It opened its
doors two days later to the public and registered 42 patients.[6] In April
1921, Cleveland Clinic had 60 employees, including 14 physicians, four
nurses, a telephone operator, six cleaners, 22 clerical workers, an art
department, and an unknown number of laboratory technicians.[13]
In 1922, the founders purchased four private homes nearby for
hospitalization, radiation treatment, and administration.[13] A fifth house
was acquired as a residence for patients with diabetes receiving insulin
treatments.[13][14] To meet rising patient volume, a 184-bed hospital was
built in 1924, located at East 90th Street and Carnegie Avenue.[15] A power
plant, laundry, and ice plant were also built.[13][16] A research laboratory
was constructed in 1928.[13][17]
Cleveland Clinic fire[edit]
Further information: Cleveland Clinic fire of 1929
George Washington Crile, one of the four founders of Cleveland Clinic
On May 15, 1929, nitrocellulose x-ray films stored in the basement of the
outpatient building ignited.[18][19][20] An explosion sent a cloud of toxic
oxides of nitrogen and carbon though the building. One hundred and twenty-
three people lost their lives, including founder Dr. Phillips. A dozen
investigating agencies were not able to determine what had caused the fire.[
19] Cleveland Clinic's own inquiry narrowed the possible causes down to
spontaneous combustion caused by heat; a discarded cigarette or match; or
contact with an extension cord light hung over a stack of films.[19]
Philanthropist Samuel Mather formed a committee of 36 community leaders to
help Cleveland Clinic reestablish itself in temporary quarters across the
street.[19][21][22] Patient care services resumed five days later.[21] The
1921 building was completely renovated, and a new three-story clinic
building, with a new main entrance, was added in 1931.[19] All debts were
repaid by 1941.[23]
Crile and Lower relinquished their administrative duties in 1941.[16] In
1942, Cleveland Clinic’s Naval Reserve Unit, which included George Crile,
Jr., a physician and son of George Washington Crile, established a mobile
hospital in New Zealand to treat the wounded from the Guadalcanal Campaign.[
24]
Growth of specialization[edit]
Patient drop-off area, Miller Family Pavilion, 2015
In 1954, Cleveland Clinic formally adopted governance by a Board of
Governors consisting of nine physicians elected by the physician staff. They
work with the CEO and lay administrators to formulate and carry out policy,
overseen by a board of directors and board of trustees.[23][25][n 1]
Cleveland Clinic built new operating rooms in the early 1970s to accommodate
the growth of cardiac surgery.[16] The Martha Holding Jennings Education
Building opened in 1964, with an auditorium named for Dr. Bunts. A new
hospital building (currently home to Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital)
was opened in 1966, and a new research building went up in 1974 (demolished
in 2007).[16] A pathology and laboratory medicine building was constructed
on Carnegie Avenue in 1980.[27]
Willian S. Kiser, chairman of the board 1973–1989, led the development of a
strategic plan to accommodate growing patient volumes in the late 1970s.
This resulted in a group of buildings known as the Century Project.
Completed in 1985, the Century Project including a 14-story outpatient
building (now known as the Crile Building), designed by architect Cesar
Pelli.[28] Until 2007 Cleveland Clinic's largest organizational unit was the
division, with the hierarchy division > department > section.[n 2] In 2007
it reorganized patient-care services around disease and organ-system-based
institutes.[27][29][30]
Research[edit]
The Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute had an annual research
expenditure of approximately $250 million in 2008. The Cleveland Clinic
Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University opened in 2004
. Cleveland Clinic’s graduate medical education program is one of the
largest in the country.[31]
Reputation[edit]
It is nationally recognized as one of the top medical centers in the US and
the world, particularly in technological and management systems[32] and in
the treatment of cardiovascular disease.[31][33][34] For high acuity
conditions requiring special expertise or the latest technology, it is
ranked as the #2 hospital by U.S. News & World Report (USNWR), with
individual rankings in 14 of the 16 specialties as follows:[35][n 3]
Specialty National ranking
Cancer 8
Cardiology and heart surgery 1
Diabetes and endocrinology 3
Ear, nose and throat 12
Gastroenterology and GI surgery 2
Geriatrics 8
Gynecology 3
Nephrology 2
Neurology and neurosurgery 8
Ophthalmology 8
Orthopedics 3
Pulmonology 3
Rheumatology 3
Urology 2
This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular,
there is an overuse of abbreviations and the sentence structure is sometimes
ambiguous. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)
The USNWR ratings stand in contrast to rankings in models which feature a
safety emphasis. In a Kaiser Family Foundation review of Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data for hospital acquired conditions
in 2014, the Cleveland Clinic received a 8.7 score (1–10 possible, with 10
being the worst), in the bottom 7% of hospitals.[39] In 2012 Consumer
Reports rated the Cleveland Clinic 98th among 105 rated hospitals in the
State of Ohio for overall safety.[40] In 2015 the rating was 60th among 161
hospitals, with a score of 49 out of 100 possible points; nationwide, the
top rated hospital this survey received a scores of 79, and the bottom rated
hospital received a score of 21.[41] Leapfrog Group ranked Cleveland Clinic
in 2012 as one of 121 hospitals (of a total of 2618) with a "barely passing
" D rating for safety (25 hospitals had F scores), which Leapfrog sees as
among the "most hazardous environments for patients in need of care."[42]
The different emphasis and specific methodology for the USNWR and for the
other ranking systems explains why teaching hospitals collectively score
prominently on one system but rarely feature highly on others.[36]
Between 2010 and 2013, the CMS undertook an extensive series of ongoing
separate investigations of CCF[clarification needed] with at least a dozen
inspections and follow-up visits triggered by patient complaints.[43][44] An
analysis of Medicare inspection data between 2011 and 2014 found that CCF
was one of at least 230 instances where validated serious incidents—dubbed
“immediate jeopardy” complaints— led CMS to threaten loss of ability to
serve Medicare patients unless the problems were fixed immediately.[43] Due
to numerous serious ongoing safety violations, CCF was on payment
termination track for a period of 19 months, placing at stake $1B in annual
Medicare/Medicaid reimbursement.[43] The citations were reported and
analyzed in detail by Modern Healthcare, which posted some of the safety
documents.[43][44]
Locations[edit]
Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
Cleveland Clinic's main campus consists of 41 buildings on 160 acres (65 ha)
near University Circle, in Fairfax, Cleveland.[45] Cleveland Clinic
operates 18[46][47] family health and ambulatory surgery centers in
surrounding communities, a multispecialty hospital and family health center
in Weston, Florida, an outpatient clinic in Toronto, Ontario.[48]
The Cleveland Clinic operates eleven northeast Ohio hospitals and has
affiliates in Florida, Nevada, Canada and Abu Dhabi:
Main Campus, Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital is located within the main campus;
there is a nearby rehabilitation center in Cleveland's Buckeye-Shaker
neighborhood.
Euclid Hospital, Euclid, Ohio
Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
Hillcrest Hospital, Mayfield Heights, Ohio
Richard E. Jacobs Health Center, Avon, Ohio
Lakewood Hospital, Lakewood, Ohio
Lutheran Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
Marymount Hospital, Garfield Heights, Ohio
Medina Hospital, Medina, Ohio
South Pointe Hospital, Warrensville Heights, Ohio
Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida
Cleveland Clinic Florida, West Palm Beach, Florida
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada
Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates[49]
Cleveland Clinic Global Solutions, Riyadh
33 Grosvenor Place, London
In August, 2015, the Akron General Health System in Akron, Ohio joined the
Cleveland Clinic system. Akron General includes Akron General Hospital,
Visiting Nurse Service and Affiliates, Hospice of VNS, Lodi Community
Hospital, Edwin Shaw Rehabilitation Institute, and three health and wellness
centers.[50]
Finances[edit]
According to data analyzed by American Hospital Directory, annual gross
total patient revenues of $9.14 billion were the second largest in the US in
2011.[51]
See also[edit]
List of hospitals in the United States
Medical centers in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ This is a list of the chairmen of the Board of Governors, and their terms
of office:
Fay Lefevre, MD, 1954–1968
Carle E. Wasmuth, MD, 1968–1973
William S. Kiser, MD, 1973–1989
Floyd D. Loop, MD, 1989–2004
Delos M. Cosgrove, MD, 2004–present.[16][26]
^ There was a Division of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Division of
Anesthesiology, etc.[27] Within each division were departments (Department
of Infectious Disease, Department of Cell Biology, etc.).[27] Within each
department were sections (Section of Headache and Facial Pain, Section of
Metastatic Disease, etc.). Divisions and departments were led by chairs, and
section were led by heads.[27]
^ This is based on a statistical model that utilizes factors such as
admission numbers and visit volumes, reputational perception by peers, the
availability of special equipment,[36][37] and the campus availability of
numerous high acuity specialties.[38] |
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