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发帖数: 243 | 1 名字叫舍恩。
德国科学家。不少Nature，Science。后来均被撤稿。
以下摘自维基百科。将军们怎么看这位白人科学家？据一位王姓的华人知名professor
透露，他去演讲，有个欧洲白人老头老是说华人professor的文章是造假造出来的数据
，华人教授气都气死了。
【舍恩事件】
舍恩事件是一起于2002年揭发的大规模学术论文造假丑闻。事件主角扬·舍恩 (Jan
Hendrik Schön) 1970年生于德国费尔登，1997年获康斯坦茨大学物理学博士学位
并留校任教，1998年加入贝尔实验室，于贝尔特拉姆·巴特洛格教授指导下做材料学研
究，2001年成为正式员工。之后的4年里，他与20多人合作在许多大型国际期刊上发表
了超过80篇论文，在《自然》和《科学》上发表的第一作者署名的论文就有17篇。这些
论文在当时被认为于分子电路、分子半导体、有机激光、高温超导和纳米科技领域取得
突破进展，震动了整个科学界。2001年，他获得了德国最重要的科学奖项之一——奥托
·克隆-韦伯银行奖。
舍恩最出名的“成就”是于2001年11月发表的单分子场效应管。他称在两层金电极之间
用含硫的有机物在金表面形成了自主装单分子层，该分子层表现出半导体场电效应，并
以此制成单分子晶体管和场效应管，实现了电流的控制和增益。该“成果”是分子半导
体的重大突破，突破了硅晶体管的尺寸限制，可延续摩尔定律，大幅缩小芯片体积并降
低成本，受到广泛的赞赏，并被《科学》杂志评为2001年十大科技进展第一位。随后舍
恩又发表了高温超导、有机激光等重大发现，成为学术明星，被认为是下一个诺贝尔奖
得主。
然而，其他科学家在重复他的实验时却遭到失败。普林斯顿大学的莉迪亚·索恩发现舍
恩的两个实验温度差别很大，但噪声却完全相同。康奈尔大学的保罗·麦克尤恩也发现
了类似问题。麦克尤恩于2002年5月向贝尔实验室举报舍恩学术不端。实验室请外界科
学家团队进行独立调查，结果舍恩无法提供原始数据。9月24日，调查小组正式发布报
告，确认舍恩的论文数据包含造假。11月1日，舍恩等人在《科学》上发表声明撤回8篇
论文。之后，他所获奥托·克隆奖被撤销，其博士学位亦被收回。[1][2]
（英文）
Schön scandal
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The Schön scandal concerns German physicist Jan Hendrik Schön (
born August 1970 in Verden an der Aller, Lower Saxony, Germany) who briefly
rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs with
semiconductors that were later discovered to be fraudulent.[1] Before he was
exposed, Schön had received the Otto-Klung-Weberbank Prize for Physics
and the Braunschweig Prize in 2001, as well as the Outstanding Young
Investigator Award of the Materials Research Society in 2002, both of which
were later rescinded.[2][dubious – discuss]
The scandal provoked discussion in the scientific community about the degree
of responsibility of coauthors and reviewers of scientific articles. The
debate centered on whether peer review, traditionally designed to find
errors and determine relevance and originality of articles, should also be
required to detect deliberate fraud.
Contents
1 Rise to prominence
2 Allegations and investigation
3 Aftermath and sanctions
4 Withdrawn journal articles
5 Further questionable journal articles
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Rise to prominence
Schön's field of research was condensed matter physics and
nanotechnology.[3] He received his PhD from the University of Konstanz in
1997. In late 1997 he was hired by Bell Labs, located in New Jersey, United
States. There, he worked on electronics in which conventional semiconducting
elements (such as silicon) were replaced by crystalline organic materials.
Specific organic materials can conduct electrical currents, and in a field-
effect transistor (a refined implementation of the transistor effect, which
was pioneered in 1947 in the same laboratory) the conductance can be
switched on or off, a basic function in the field of electronics. Schön
, however, claimed spectacular on/off behavior, far beyond anything achieved
thus far with organic materials. His measurements in most cases confirmed
various theoretical predictions, for example that the organic materials
could be made to display superconductivity or be used in lasers. The
findings were published in prominent scientific publications, including the
journals Science and Nature, and gained worldwide attention. However, no
research group anywhere in the world succeeded in reproducing the results
claimed by Schön.[4]
In 2001 he was listed as an author on an average of one newly published
research paper every eight days.[3] In that year he announced in Nature that
he had produced a transistor on the molecular scale. Schön claimed to
have used a thin layer of organic dye molecules to assemble an electric
circuit that, when acted on by an electric current, behaved as a transistor.
The implications of his work were significant. It would have been the
beginning of a move away from silicon-based electronics and towards organic
electronics. It would have allowed chips to continue shrinking past the
point at which silicon breaks down, and therefore continue Moore's law for
much longer than is currently predicted. It also would have drastically
reduced the cost of electronics.
A key element in Schön's claimed successful observation of various
physical phenomena in organic materials was in the transistor setup,
specifically, a thin layer of aluminium oxide, which Schön incorporated
in the transistors using lab-facilities of the University of Konstanz in
Germany. Although the equipment and materials used were commonly used by
laboratories all over the world, no one succeeded in preparing aluminium
oxide layers of similar quality as claimed by Schön.[4]
Allegations and investigation
As recounted by Dan Agin in his book Junk Science, soon after Schön
published his work on single-molecule semiconductors, others in the physics
community alleged that his data contained anomalies. Lydia Sohn, then of
Princeton University, noticed that two experiments carried out at very
different temperatures had identical noise.[3] When the editors of Nature
pointed this out to Schön, he claimed to have accidentally submitted
the same graph twice. Paul McEuen of Cornell University then found the same
noise in a paper describing a third experiment. More research by McEuen,
Sohn, and other physicists uncovered a number of examples of duplicate data
in Schön's work. This triggered a series of reactions that quickly led
Lucent Technologies (which ran Bell Labs) to start a formal investigation.[5]
In May 2002, Bell Labs set up a committee to investigate, with Malcolm
Beasley from Stanford University as chair.[6] The committee obtained
information from all of Schön's coauthors and interviewed the three
principal ones (Zhenan Bao, Bertram Batlogg and Christian Kloc).[7] It
examined electronic drafts of the disputed articles, which included
processed numeric data. The committee requested copies of the raw data, but
found that Schön had kept no laboratory notebooks. His raw-data files
had been erased from his computer. According to Schön, the files were
erased because his computer had limited hard-drive space. In addition, all
of his experimental samples had been discarded or damaged beyond repair.[3][
6]
On September 25, 2002, the committee publicly released its report.[6] The
report contained details of 24 allegations of misconduct. They found
evidence of Schön's scientific misconduct in at least 16 of them. They
found that whole data sets had been reused in a number of different
experiments. They also found that some of his graphs, which purportedly had
been plotted from experimental data, had instead been produced using
mathematical functions.[6]
The report found that all of the misdeeds had been performed by Schön
alone. All of the coauthors (including Bertram Batlogg, who was the head of
the team) were exonerated of scientific misconduct. This sparked widespread
debate[8] in the scientific community on how the blame for misconduct should
be shared among co-authors, particularly when they share a significant part
of the credit.[6]
Aftermath and sanctions
Schön acknowledged that the data were incorrect in many of these
articles.[6] He claimed that the substitutions could have occurred by honest
mistake. He omitted some data and stated that he did so to show more
convincing evidence for behaviour that he observed.
Experimenters at Delft University of Technology and the Thomas J. Watson
Research Center have since performed experiments similar to Schön's,
without achieving similar results.[3] Even before the allegations had become
public, several research groups had tried to reproduce most of his
spectacular results in the field of the physics of organic molecular
materials without success.[5][9]
Schön returned to Germany and took a job at an engineering firm.[9]
In June 2004 the University of Konstanz issued a press release stating that
Schön's doctoral degree had been revoked due to "dishonourable conduct"
. Department of Physics spokesman Wolfgang Dieterich called the affair the "
biggest fraud in physics in the last 50 years" and said that the "
credibility of science had been brought into disrepute".[10] Schön
appealed the ruling, but on October 28, 2009, it was upheld by the
university.[11] In response, Schön sued the university and appeared in
court to testify on September 23, 2010. The court overturned the university'
s decision on September 27, 2010. However, in November 2010 the university
moved to appeal the court's ruling.[12] The state court ruled in September
2011 that the university was correct in revoking his doctorate.[13] The
Federal Administrative Court upheld the state court's decision in July 2013,
[14] and the Federal Constitutional Court confirmed it in September 2014.[15]
In the meantime, in October 2004, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,
the German Research Foundation) Joint Committee announced sanctions against
him. The former DFG post-doctorate fellow was deprived of his active right
to vote in DFG elections or serve on DFG committees for an eight-year period
. During that period, Schön will also be unable to serve as a peer
reviewer or apply for DFG funds.[16]
Withdrawn journal articles
On October 31, 2002, Science withdrew eight articles written by Schön:[
17]
J. H. Schön; S. Berg; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Ambipolar Pentacene
Field-Effect Transistors and Inverters". Science. 287 (5455): 1022–3.
Bibcode:2000Sci...287.1022S. doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1022. PMID
10669410. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; R. C. Haddon; B. Batlogg (2000). "A
Superconducting Field-Effect Switch". Science. 288 (5466): 656–8. doi:10.
1126/science.288.5466.656. PMID 10784445. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Fractional Quantum Hall
Effect in Organic Molecular Semiconductors". Science. 288 (5475): 2338–40.
doi:10.1126/science.288.5475.2338. PMID 17769842. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; A. Dodabalapur; B. Batlogg (2000). "An Organic
Solid State Injection Laser". Science. 289 (5479): 599–601. Bibcode:2000Sci
...289..599S. doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.599. PMID 10915617. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "A Light-Emitting Field-
Effect Transistor". Science. 290 (5493): 963–6. Bibcode:2000Sci...290..963S
. doi:10.1126/science.290.5493.963. PMID 11062124. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; H. Y. Hwang; B. Batlogg (2001). "Josephson
Junctions with Tunable Weak Links". Science. 292 (5515): 252–4. doi:10.1126
/science.1058812. PMID 11303093. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; A. Dodabalapur; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2001). "High-
Temperature Superconductivity in Lattice-Expanded C60". Science. 293 (5539):
2432–4. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.2432S. doi:10.1126/science.1064773. PMID
11533443. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; A. Dodabalapur; B. Batlogg (2001). "Field-Effect
Modulation of the Conductance of Single Molecules". Science. 294 (5549):
2138–40. doi:10.1126/science.1066171. PMID 11701891. (Retracted)
On December 20, 2002, Physical Review withdrew six articles written by Sch&#
246;n:[18][19]
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2001). "Hole transport in pentacene
single crystals". Physical Review B. 63: 245201. Bibcode:2001PhRvB..63x5201S
. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.245201. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; R. Laudise; B. Batlogg (1998). "Electrical
properties of single crystals of rigid rodlike conjugated molecules".
Physical Review B. 58: 12952. Bibcode:1998PhRvB..5812952S. doi:10.1103/
PhysRevB.58.12952. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Mobile iodine dopants in
organic semiconductors". Physical Review B. 61: 10803. Bibcode:2000PhRvB..
6110803S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10803. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; D. Fichou; B. Batlogg (2001). "Conjugation
length dependence of the charge transport in oligothiophene single crystals"
. Physical Review B. 64: 035209. Bibcode:2001PhRvB..64c5209S. doi:10.1103/
PhysRevB.64.035209. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2001). "Low-temperature transport in
high-mobility polycrystalline pentacene field-effect transistors". Physical
Review B. 63: 125304. Bibcode:2001PhRvB..63l5304S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.63.
125304. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2001). "Universal Crossover from
Band to Hopping Conduction in Molecular Organic Semiconductors". Physical
Review Letters. 86 (17): 3843–6. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.3843S. doi:10.1103/
PhysRevLett.86.3843. PMID 11329338. (Retracted)
On February 24, 2003, Applied Physics Letters withdrew four articles written
by Schön:[20][21][22][23]
J. H. Schön; Z. Bao (2002). "Nanoscale organic transistors based on
self-assembled monolayers". Applied Physics Letters. 80 (5): 847. Bibcode:
2002ApPhL..80..847S. doi:10.1063/1.1445804. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc (2001). "Fast organic electronic circuits based on
ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors". Applied Physics Letters. 79
(24): 4043. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..79.4043S. doi:10.1063/1.1426684. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön (2001). "Plastic Josephson junctions". Applied Physics
Letters. 79 (4): 2208. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..79.2208S. doi:10.1063/1.1408277. (
Retracted)
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Perylene: A promising organic
field-effect transistor material". Applied Physics Letters. 77 (23): 3776.
Bibcode:2000ApPhL..77.3776S. doi:10.1063/1.1329634. (Retracted)
On May 2, 2003, Science withdrew another article written by Schön:[24]
J. H. Schön; M. Dorget; F. C. Beuran; X. Z. Xu; E. Arushanov; M. Lagu&#
235;s; C. Deville Cavellin (2001). "Field-Induced Superconductivity in a
Spin-Ladder Cuprate". Science. 293 (5539): 2430. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.2430S
. doi:10.1126/science.1064204. (Retracted)
On March 20, 2003, Advanced Materials withdrew two articles written by Sch&#
246;n:[25]
J. H. Schön; H. Meng; Z. Bao (2002). "Self-Assembled Monolayer
Transistors". Advanced Materials. 14 (4): 323–326. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(
20020219)14:4<323::AID-ADMA323>3.0.CO;2-5. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc; J. Wildeman; G. Hadziinoannou (2001). "Gate-
Induced Superconductivity in Oligophenylenevinylene Single Crystals".
Advanced Materials. 13 (16): 1273–1274. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200108)13:16<
1273::AID-ADMA1273>3.0.CO;2-P. (Retracted)
On March 5, 2003, Nature withdrew seven articles written by Schön:[26]
J. H. Schön; M. Dorget; F. C. Beuran; X. Z. Zu; E. Arushanov; C.
Deville Cavellin; M. Laguës (2001). "Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a
result of field-effect doping". Nature. 414 (6862): 434–6. Bibcode:
2001Natur.414..434S. doi:10.1038/35106539. PMID 11719801. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; T. Siegrist; M. Steigerwald; C. Svensson; B.
Batlogg (2001). "Superconductivity in single crystals of the fullerene C70".
Nature. 413 (6858): 831–3. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..831S. doi:10.1038/
35101577. PMID 11677603. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; H. Meng; Z. Bao (2001). "Self-assembled monolayer organic
field-effect transistors". Nature. 413 (6857): 713–6. Bibcode:2001Natur.413
..713S. doi:10.1038/35099520. PMID 11607026. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; A. Dodabalapur; Z. Bao; Ch. Kloc; O. Schenker; B. Batlogg
(2001). "Gate-induced superconductivity in a solution-processed organic
polymer film". Nature. 410 (6825): 189–92. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..189S. doi
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Superconductivity at 52 K in
hole-doped C60". Nature. 408 (6812): 549–52. Bibcode:2000Natur.408..549S.
doi:10.1038/35046008. PMID 11117735. (Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Superconductivity in
molecular crystals induced by charge injection". Nature. 406 (6797): 702–4.
Bibcode:2000Natur.406..702S. doi:10.1038/35021011. PMID 10963589. (
Retracted)
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; E. Bucher; B. Batlogg (2000). "Efficient organic
photovoltaic diodes based on doped pentacene". Nature. 403 (6768): 408–10.
Bibcode:2000Natur.403..408S. doi:10.1038/35000172. PMID 10667788. (
Retracted)
Further questionable journal articles
The retraction notices from February 24, 2003 in Applied Physics Letters
relayed concerns about seven articles written by Schön and published in
the Applied Physics Letters:[20][21][22][23]
J. H. Schön; Z. Bao (2002). "Organic insulator/semiconductor
heterostructure monolayer transistors". Applied Physics Letters. 80 (2): 332
. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..80..332S. doi:10.1063/1.1431697.
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; A. Dodabalapur; B. Crone (2001). "Grain boundary
transport and vapor sensing in α-sexithiophene". Applied Physics Letters.
79 (24): 3965. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..79.3965S. doi:10.1063/1.1423787.
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc (2001). "Charge transport through a single
tetracene grain boundary". Applied Physics Letters. 78 (24): 3821. Bibcode:
2001ApPhL..78.3821S. doi:10.1063/1.1379986.
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc (2001). "Organic metal–semiconductor field-effect
phototransistors". Applied Physics Letters. 78 (22): 3538. Bibcode:
2001ApPhL..78.3538S. doi:10.1063/1.1376666.
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc; B. Batlogg (2000). "Efficient photovoltaic energy
conversion in pentacene-based heterojunctions". Applied Physics Letters. 77
(16): 2473. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..77.2473S. doi:10.1063/1.1318234.
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc; B. Batlogg (1999). "Reversible gas doping of bulk
α-hexathiophene". Applied Physics Letters. 75 (11): 1556. Bibcode:
1999ApPhL..75.1556S. doi:10.1063/1.124753.
J. H. Schön; Ch. Kloc; R. A. Laudise; B. Batlogg (1998). "Surface and
bulk mobilities of oligothiophene single crystals". Applied Physics Letters.
73 (24): 3574. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.3574S. doi:10.1063/1.122828.
The retraction notice from March 20, 2003 in Advanced Materials mentions
concerns about another article written by Schön:[25]
J. H. Schön; C. Kloc; Z. Bao; B. Batlogg (2000). "Electron Transport in
Fluorinated Copper-Phthalocyanine". Advanced Materials. 12 (20): 1539–1542
. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200010)12:20<1539::AID-ADMA1539>3.0.CO;2-S. |
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