w****w
发帖数: 14828 | 1 分享一些狂犬病RABIES的信息，以供大家日后遇上意外情况时应对。
如地图所示，美国加拿大澳洲西欧这些国家都属于Category 2: low risk.新西兰
则没有狂犬病风险。
http://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/travel/recommendations.aspx
The map shows the WHO categories of risk, from no risk (rabies-free)
countries or areas to countries or areas of low, medium and high risk (dog
rabies). Categorization is based primarily on the animal host species in
which the rabies virus is maintained in a country or area, e.g. bats and/or
other wildlife and/or dogs and on the availability of reliable laboratory-
based surveillance data in these reservoir species. Access to proper medical
care and the availability of modern rabies vaccines have also been taken
into consideration on a country basis. In countries or areas belonging to
categories 2–4, pre-exposure immunization against rabies is recommended for
travellers with certain characteristics:
Category 1: no risk.
Category 2: low risk. In these countries or areas travellers involved in
activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats (for example,
wildlife professionals, researchers, veterinarians and adventure travellers
visiting areas where bats are commonly found) should receive pre-exposure
prophylaxis.
Category 3: medium risk. In these countries or areas, travellers involved in
any activities that might bring them into direct contact with bats and
other wild animals, especially carnivores, (e.g., wildlife professionals,
researchers, veterinarians and travellers visiting areas were bats and
wildlife are commonly found) should receive pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Category 4: high risk. In these countries or areas, travellers spending a
lot of time in rural areas involved in activities such as running, bicycling
, camping or hiking should receive pre-exposure prophylaxis. Prophylaxis is
also recommended for people with significant occupational risks, such as
veterinarians, and expatriates living in areas with a significant risk of
exposure to domestic animals, particularly dogs, and wild carnivores.
Children should be immunized as they are at higher risk through playing with
animals, particularly with dogs and cats; they may receive more severe
bites and are less likely to report contact with suspect rabies animals.
被野生动物抓咬后的应对
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/
Local treatment of the wound
Removing the rabies virus at the site of the infection by chemical or
physical means is an effective means of protection. Therefore, prompt local
treatment of all bite wounds and scratches that may be contaminated with
rabies virus is important. Recommended first-aid procedures include
immediate and thorough flushing and washing of the wound for a minimum of 15
minutes with soap and water, detergent, povidone iodine or other substances
that kill the rabies virus
Recommended PEP
PEP depends on the type of contact with the suspected rabid animal (see
table).
Table: Categories of contact and recommended post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
如果动物有以下情况显示染病机率升高，需要PEP
1. the biting mammal is a known rabies reservoir or vector species;
2. the animal looks sick or has an abnormal behaviour;
3. a wound or mucous membrane was contaminated by the animal’s saliva;
4. the bite was unprovoked; andthe animal has not been vaccinated.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Categories of contact with suspect rabid animal Post-exposure prophylaxis
measures
Category I – touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin None
Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions
without bleeding Immediate vaccination and local treatment of the wound
Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on
broken skin; contamination of mucous membrane with saliva from licks,
contacts with bats. Immediate vaccination and administration of rabies
immunoglobulin; local treatment of the wound
===============================================================
世界卫生组织的guidline
http://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/About_Rabies/Prevention_Huma
Local treatment of wounds
Any bite wound or scratches that might be contaminated with rabies virus
should immediately be flushed with rinsing water. Thorough washing for a
minimum of 15 minutes with soap and water, detergent, povidone iodine or
other substances of proven lethal effect on rabies virus or other detergents
should follow. Suturing of the wound should be avoided. In case suturing is
essential, local administration of passive rabies immunization products and
suturing delayed for several hours is recommended
PEP
Type of contact, exposure and recommended post-exposure prophylaxis
Category Type of contact with a suspect or confirmed rabid domestic or wild
animal, or animal unavailable for testing Type of exposure Recommended post
-exposure prophylaxis
I Touching or feeding of animals
Licks on intact skin ----------None None, if reliable case history is
available
II Nibbling of uncovered skin
Minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding
---Minor Administer vaccine immediately
Stop treatment if animal remains healthy throughout an observation period of
10 days or if animal is proven to be negative for rabies by a reliable
laboratory using appropriate diagnostic techniques
III Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin
Contamination of mucous membrane with saliva (i.e. licks)
Exposures to bats
---Severe Administer rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine immediately. Stop
treatment is animal remains healthy throughout an observation period of 10
days or if animal is found to be negative for rabies by a reliable
laboratory using appropriate diagnostic techniques
For detailed information on vaccination regimens ask your national health
authorities or see WHO-pages on rabies: www.who.int/rabies
综合国家风险和受伤程度，在美加西欧，被猫抓伤需要立即打狂犬针的情况很少，通常
是立即用肥皂水清洗15分钟，再用碘酒消毒，同时对咬人的猫狗做10天的隔离观察，除
非该猫狗有发病的症状。如被蝙蝠，狐狸咬，则必须马上打针。 | h*****t
发帖数: 6890 | | m*****n
发帖数: 1076 | | w****w
发帖数: 14828 | 4 宠物防疫做得好，而相当多的流浪动物也是从宠物变来的，本身没携带这个病毒。加之
早年有病的都病死了，病毒没大规模扩散开去，健康的存活下来成为base, 从而降低了
整体的风险。今年禽流感在中国和东南亚爆发，北美也有候鸟呀，但为什么北美没有闻
鸟色变？
【在 m*****n 的大作中提到】
: 为什么发达国家都是白色的？
| m*****n
发帖数: 1076 | 5 让候鸟飞一会儿，我觉得再过一段时间，中国北方和其他国家也会扩张开来的
今年禽流感在中国和东南亚爆发，北美也有候鸟呀，但为什么北美没有闻鸟色变？
【在 w****w 的大作中提到】
: 宠物防疫做得好，而相当多的流浪动物也是从宠物变来的，本身没携带这个病毒。加之
: 早年有病的都病死了，病毒没大规模扩散开去，健康的存活下来成为base, 从而降低了
: 整体的风险。今年禽流感在中国和东南亚爆发，北美也有候鸟呀，但为什么北美没有闻
: 鸟色变？
| w****w
发帖数: 14828 | 6 亚洲候鸟的迁移主要两条线路。育雏地在西伯利亚，俄罗斯远东一代，秋季分两路，一
路沿海岸线南下，一路绕日本飞越大洋到印尼，新几内亚。春季回归时两线在京津上空
会合北上。
貌似目前H7N9有相当程度是野鸟和家禽病毒基因的重组。中国及东南亚一方面是候鸟必
经之地，二来密集型养殖业也很容易让病毒迅速传播。
候鸟真是多灾多难。 之前台湾做猛禽迁移跟踪。6只南下越冬的鹰，只有两只在春季回
来，3只飞不过大海淹死了，一只消失在陆地。 猛禽尚如此，小鸟更艰辛。
【在 m*****n 的大作中提到】
: 让候鸟飞一会儿，我觉得再过一段时间，中国北方和其他国家也会扩张开来的
:
: 今年禽流感在中国和东南亚爆发，北美也有候鸟呀，但为什么北美没有闻鸟色变？
| h*****t
发帖数: 6890 | 7 鹰体力太厉害了，能飞越大洋。
。 猛禽尚如此，小鸟更艰辛。
【在 w****w 的大作中提到】
: 亚洲候鸟的迁移主要两条线路。育雏地在西伯利亚，俄罗斯远东一代，秋季分两路，一
: 路沿海岸线南下，一路绕日本飞越大洋到印尼，新几内亚。春季回归时两线在京津上空
: 会合北上。
: 貌似目前H7N9有相当程度是野鸟和家禽病毒基因的重组。中国及东南亚一方面是候鸟必
: 经之地，二来密集型养殖业也很容易让病毒迅速传播。
: 候鸟真是多灾多难。 之前台湾做猛禽迁移跟踪。6只南下越冬的鹰，只有两只在春季回
: 来，3只飞不过大海淹死了，一只消失在陆地。 猛禽尚如此，小鸟更艰辛。
| k**h
发帖数: 2929 | 8 候鸟身上那点病毒其实无关大局，中国要是不在市场上卖活鸡活鸭其实根本就不会出这
个病
【在 m*****n 的大作中提到】
: 让候鸟飞一会儿，我觉得再过一段时间，中国北方和其他国家也会扩张开来的
:
: 今年禽流感在中国和东南亚爆发，北美也有候鸟呀，但为什么北美没有闻鸟色变？
| I***i
发帖数: 14557 | | w****w
发帖数: 14828 | 10 鹰能借助海洋上空的热气流滑翔，省力很多，小鸟不行。 但若鹰的预警有误或天气突
变，热气流少甚至飞很久都没有，鹰就撑不住了，特别是跟父母南飞的亚成鸟，死亡率
很高。
【在 h*****t 的大作中提到】
: 鹰体力太厉害了，能飞越大洋。
:
: 。 猛禽尚如此，小鸟更艰辛。
|
|
