h*i
发帖数: 3446 | 1 《1434》
有人看了么？
前两页：
One thing that greatly puzzled me when writing 1421 was the
lack of curiosity among many professional historians.
After all, Christopher Columbus supposedly discovered
America in 1492. Yet eighteen years before he set sail, Columbus had a
map of the Americas, which he later acknowledged in his logs. Indeed,
even before his first voyage, Columbus signed a contract with the king
and queen of Spain that appointed him viceroy of the Americas. His
fellow ship’s captain Martín Alonso Pinzón, who sailed with him in
1492, had too seen a map of the Americas—in the pope’s library.
How do you discover a place for which you already have a map?
The same question could be asked of Magellan. The strait that connects
the Atlantic to the Pacific bears the great Portuguese explorer’s
name. When Magellan reached that strait in 1520, he had run out of
food and his sailors were reduced to eating rats. Worse, they were convinced they were lost. Esteban Gómez led a mutiny, seizing the San
Antonio with the intent to lead part of the expedition back to Spain.
Magellan quashed the mutiny by claiming he was not at all lost. A
member of the crew wrote, “We all believed that [the Strait] was a cul-de-sac; but the captain knew that he had to navigate through a very
well-concealed strait, having seen it in a chart preserved in the treasury of the king of Portugal, and made by Martin of Bohemia, a man of great parts.”1
Why was the strait named after Magellan when Magellan had seen
it on a chart before he set sail? It doesn’t make sense.
The paradox might be explained had there been no maps of the
strait or of the Pacific—if, as some believe, Magellan was bluffing
about having seen a chart. But there were maps. Martin Waldseemüller
published his map of the Americas and the Pacific in 1507, twelve years
before Magellan set sail. In 1515, four years before Magellan sailed,
Johannes Schöner published a map showing the strait Magellan is said
to have “discovered.”
The mystery only deepens when we consider the two cartographers,
Waldseemüller and Schöner. Were these two hoary old sea captains
who had made heroic voyages across the Pacific before Magellan?
Should we rename the strait after Schöner? Hardly.
Schöner never went to sea. He flunked his exams at the University
of Erfurt, leaving without a degree. He became an apprentice priest in
1515 but for failing to celebrate mass, was relegated to a small village,where his punishment was officiating at early-morning mass. So how did a young man from rural Germany with no maritime tradition produce a map of the Pacific well before Magellan discovered that ocean?
Like Schöner, Waldseemüller had never seen the sea. Born in
Wolfenweiler near Freiberg in 1475, he spent his working life as a cannon at Saint-Dié in eastern France—a region famed for its plums but
completely devoid of maritime tradition. Waldseemüller, too, left university without a degree. Yet his map of the Americas showed the Sierra Madre of Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of North America before
Magellan reached the Pacific or Balboa reached its coast.
These two rustic mapmakers were not the only Europeans with an
uncanny prescience about unseen lands. In 1419, before European voyages
of exploration even began, Albertin di Virga published a map of
the Eastern Hemisphere that shows northern Australia. It was another
350 years before Captain Cook “discovered” that continent. Similarly,
Brazil appeared on Portuguese maps before the first Portuguese,
Cabral and Dias, set sail for Brazil. The South Shetland Islands were
shown on the Piri Reis map four hundred years before Europeans
reached the Antarctic.
The great European explorers were brave and determined men. But
they discovered nothing. Magellan was not the first to circumnavigate
the globe, nor was Columbus the first to discover the Americas. So
why, we may ask, do historians persist in propagating this fantasy?
Why is The Times Atlas of World Exploration, which details the discoveries of European explorers, still taught in schools? Why are the young so insistently misled? | ay
发帖数: 2267 | 2 我顶你一个
【在 h*i 的大作中提到】
: 《1434》
: 有人看了么？
: 前两页：
: One thing that greatly puzzled me when writing 1421 was the
: lack of curiosity among many professional historians.
: After all, Christopher Columbus supposedly discovered
: America in 1492. Yet eighteen years before he set sail, Columbus had a
: map of the Americas, which he later acknowledged in his logs. Indeed,
: even before his first voyage, Columbus signed a contract with the king
: and queen of Spain that appointed him viceroy of the Americas. His
| R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 3 如果能翻译成中文再贴一次，给你吃个包子。
【在 h*i 的大作中提到】
: 《1434》
: 有人看了么？
: 前两页：
: One thing that greatly puzzled me when writing 1421 was the
: lack of curiosity among many professional historians.
: After all, Christopher Columbus supposedly discovered
: America in 1492. Yet eighteen years before he set sail, Columbus had a
: map of the Americas, which he later acknowledged in his logs. Indeed,
: even before his first voyage, Columbus signed a contract with the king
: and queen of Spain that appointed him viceroy of the Americas. His
| ay
发帖数: 2267 | 4 就是说那帮人去美洲之前已经在教皇那儿搞到了
地图上表明了他们要去的地方
【在 R*****d 的大作中提到】
: 如果能翻译成中文再贴一次，给你吃个包子。
| R*****d
发帖数: 1148 | 5 太短了，愿闻其详。。。这篇文章的主题与传统的史学观点想去甚远，同时也没有拿
出充分的证据来支持自己。说句难听话你老弟可别生气，这种"古地图"的传说早就在西
方文化当中流传了，而直到今天，也没有任何这类的"古地图"为学术界所承认。说得更
难听点儿，这种东西同层出不穷并被炒得热火朝天的"地球毁灭预言"颇有相似之处。鉴
于此，这种东西本是不该发包子的，但是考虑到版上的现状，以及由此可能引起的对大
航海历史的讨论，所以就想适度鼓励一下。都已经准备破格奖励了，还弄这么个长英文
，未免太让我为难了吧? 原文将近一百行(我没细数)，译文至少也得二三十行吧? :)
【在 ay 的大作中提到】
: 就是说那帮人去美洲之前已经在教皇那儿搞到了
: 地图上表明了他们要去的地方
| h*i
发帖数: 3446 | 6 地图是引子，这本书主要是讲技术。比如说达芬奇的所谓”发明“几乎都是中国的书上
已有的，还有日历，观天象，航海的方法等等，欧洲在15世纪突然就都用上了和中国一
样的技术。从科学技术发展积累的角度来说，山寨说比较可信，伟大的天才说不太靠谱。
如果有包子的话，等我看完了，可写个总结。不过这书比较technical, 细节可能还是
要自己看。
【在 R*****d 的大作中提到】
: 太短了，愿闻其详。。。这篇文章的主题与传统的史学观点想去甚远，同时也没有拿
: 出充分的证据来支持自己。说句难听话你老弟可别生气，这种"古地图"的传说早就在西
: 方文化当中流传了，而直到今天，也没有任何这类的"古地图"为学术界所承认。说得更
: 难听点儿，这种东西同层出不穷并被炒得热火朝天的"地球毁灭预言"颇有相似之处。鉴
: 于此，这种东西本是不该发包子的，但是考虑到版上的现状，以及由此可能引起的对大
: 航海历史的讨论，所以就想适度鼓励一下。都已经准备破格奖励了，还弄这么个长英文
: ，未免太让我为难了吧? 原文将近一百行(我没细数)，译文至少也得二三十行吧? :)
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