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发帖数: 6973 | 1 Joseph Manning, Beyond the Pharaohs. Wall Street Journal, Mar 19, 2011.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405
2748704893604576200393350126576.html?mod=WSJ_Books_LS_Books_8
(book review on Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt; The
History of a civilization from 3000BC to Cleopatra. London: Bloomsbury (2010
) and Manhattan: Random House (2011))
Quote:
"Known as the Saite period (ca. 650-525 B.C.) because the Egyptian capital
was located at Sais in the western Nile Delta, this period saw the first
Greek merchants and soldiers arrive in Egypt, the introduction of coinage
and (as Herodotus tells us) the circumnavigation of Africa.
"After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt would not be the center of empire again
until the Fatimids in the 10th century A.D., when Cairo became a leading
light of the Islamic world.
Note:
(a) Rosetta Stone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone
(inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC on behalf of
King Ptolemy V; in three scripts: hieroglyphs, demotic script, and Ancient
Greek; rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier of the French expedition to
Egypt; British defeated French in Egypt in 1801 and borught the Stone to
British Museum)
(b) Sneferu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu
(a reign from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC,[4] a reign of 24 years?)
(c) Hyksos. Encyclopedia Britannica.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279251/Hyksos
(a series of Hyksos kings ruled northern Egypt as the 15th dynasty (c. 1630
–1523 BCE); Hyksos was in fact probably an Egyptian term for '"rulers of
foreign lands"; The Hyksos introduced the horse and chariot, the compound
bow, improved battle axes, and advanced fortification techniques into Egypt)
(i) For "fl," see List of Latin abbreviations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations
(fl. or flor. (floruit) means the period of time during which a person,
school, movement or even species was active or flourishing (literally, "he/
she/it flourished"))
* flourish (vi; Latin florēre, from flor-, flos flower)
All English definitions are from www.m-w.com.
(ii) dynast (n; Latin dynastes, from Greek dynastēs, from dynasthai to be
able, have power):
"RULER"
(d) Battle of Kadesh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh
(took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and
the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes
River, in what is now the Syrian Arab Republic; probably the largest chariot
battle ever fought, involving perhaps 5,000–6,000 chariots;
Result The Egyptian pharaoh claimed victory; tactical: Pyrrhic Egyptian
victory)
(e) mail (n; Middle English maille metal link, mail, from Anglo-French, from
Latin macula spot, mesh): "armor made of metal links or sometimes plates"
(f) conflate (vt; Latin conflare to blow together, fuse, from com- + flare
to blow):
"to bring together : FUSE"
(g) Chartres Cathedral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral
(a Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, about 80 kilometres (50 mi)
southwest of Paris; considered one of the finest examples of the French High
Gothic style; The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1193 and
1250)
(h) Fatimid Caliphate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate
(Capital Mahdia (909-969), Cairo (969-1171); Religion Shia Islam)
* caliph (n: Arabic khalīfa successor): "a successor of Muhammad as
temporal and spiritual head of Islam —used as a title"
* Fāṭimid Dynasty. Encyclopedia Britannica.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202580/Fatimid-Dynast
(It took its name from Fāṭimah, the daughter of the Prophet Muḥ
ammad, from whom the Fāṭimids claimed descent) |
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