s******n
发帖数: 518 | 1 根本此文，西红柿和土豆，曾经的转基因，因为口味和被快餐业抵制，都早就停了
转基因包括玉米和大豆，和 zucchini and yellow summer squash
Risks & Side Effects of Genetically Modified Food
by SHARON PERKINS Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
Inserting genes not normally found in a certain food or plant results in a
genetically modified food. Farmers genetically modify crops for one of
several reasons: to increase resistance to certain viruses or toxins, to
increase pesticide resistance and to increase resistance to certain powerful
herbicides. Most genetic modifications aim to increase farming
profitability but also to reduce environmental or crop damage from
pesticides and herbicides. In 2006, the United States grew 53 percent of the
world’s genetically modified foods, the Human Genome Project reports.
Genetically modified foods have a number of potentially negative side
effects.
Harm to Other Organisms
One of the biggest objections to genetically modified foods is their
unintended potential for harm, not only to humans who eat the products but
also to other organisms that may consume the crops. Some genetically
modified foods, for example, contain genes that increase resistance to
certain antibiotics. If this property were transferred to a person eating
the food, antibiotics might not have the usual effects against infection.
Cross Contamination
The cross contamination of nearby plants with pollen from genetically
modified crops could transfer certain genes from one plant type to another,
biologist Deborah Whitman reports on the ProQuest website. Separation of
growing fields and creating male sterile plants that don’t produce pollen
can prevent cross contamination between similar species growing in nearby
fields. This has already happened in the U.S. when a type of maize approved
for feed use appeared in maize grown for human use, the World Health
Organization states.
Increased Resistance to Pesticides
Increased resistance has occurred in mosquitoes that developed resistance to
the pesticide DDT. Insects could also develop resistance to the pesticides
produced by genetically modified plants, making it more difficult to control
infestation and insect damage rather than less difficult over time.
Allergenic Effects
Introducing genetic material from one plant to another may result in the
introduction of allergenic material from one species into another. Because
certain proteins cause more allergic reactions than others, people with
severe allergies know what foods to avoid. If genes from those foods are
introduced into others without appropriate labeling to warn those with
allergies, allergic reactions could occur. The introduction of genetic
material from Brazil nuts into soybeans was shelved for this reason, Whitman
states.
Keeping People Informed
As many as 60 to 70 percent of all foods sold in U.S. supermarkets may
contain some genetically modified foods, according to Keith and Renee
Schneider, assistant professors in the Food Science and Human Nutrition
Department of the University of Florida. Soybeans and corn, common
ingredients in a number of processed foods, are the most common genetically
modified crops in the U.S. But because the Food and Drug Administration
considers genetically modified foods to be equivalent to naturally produced
foods, these foods are not labeled in any way.
***********************************************
List of Vegetables That Are Genetically Modified
by CLAY MCNIGHT Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
Genetically modified foods, commonly referred to as GMOs, are foods that
have been implanted with genetic material from other species of plants or
animals. While several major U.S. crops have been genetically modified, the
number of genetically modified vegetables is limited.
GMO Basics
The potential advantages of genetically engineered foods include improved
nutrition and taste, decreased use of pesticides, increased tolerance to
drought, increased yield and decreased production costs, according to
MedlinePlus. However, modifying the genetic material in plants has certain
risks. These may include unexpected or harmful genetic outcomes, less
resistance to certain pests and cross-pollinating with traditional crops,
which could potentially lead to the extinction of these organisms, as well
as other unforeseen consequences.
High-Risk GMO Vegetables
A limited number of crops are genetically modified. According to the Non-GMO
Project -- North America’s only nonprofit, third-party verification and
labeling organization for non-GMO food and products -- nine crops are
considered high risk for being genetically modified: alfalfa, cotton, canola
, corn, soy, papaya, sugar beets, zucchini and yellow summer squash. In the
United States, each of these crops is around 90 percent genetically modified
. Of these high-risk crops, the vegetables include alfalfa, soy, sugar beets
, zucchini and yellow summer squash. Many people mistakenly believe that
corn is a vegetable, but it is actually a grain.
Low-Risk GMO Vegetables
In addition to the high-risk crops, there are crops that are monitored by
the Non-GMO Project for genetic pollution, which can potentially result in
genetically modified varieties. The Non-GMO Project notes that the
vegetables in this group include chard, table beets, Siberian kale, bok choy
, Chinese cabbage, turnips, acorn squash, delicata squash and patty pan.
Discontinued GMO Vegetables
Tomatoes and potatoes have had genetically modified varieties developed;
however, they are no longer in production. Genetically modified tomatoes
were discontinued in 1997 due to problems with shipping and flavor.
Genetically modified potatoes were discontinued in 2001 due to rejection by
fast-food chains. The Non-GMO Project considers both potatoes and tomatoes "
low risk" for being genetically modified.
**************************************
List of Foods Containing GMOs
by JANINE GRANT Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
You most likely eat at least some GMOs. Crops that are genetically modified
to resist herbicides or produce insecticides came on the market in 1996.
According to the Organic Consumers Association, 40 percent of all U.S. crops
are GMO, and 80 percent of processed foods contain GMOs. GMO crops are also
used as a cheap and fattening feed for factory-farmed animals, which are
also often injected with genetically engineered hormones. The USDA reports
that 88 percent of corn and 93 percent of soybeans are GMOs, as are 90
percent of cotton and canola.
Most Corn Is Hiding
GMO corn is engineered to produce its own insecticide called Bt toxin. Some
newer varieties are also resistant to weed killers or herbicides. Avoiding
GMO corn can be challenging because so many food products are derived from
it or contain it. Obvious sources are sweet corn, corn muffins, corn chips,
corn flakes, tortillas and popcorn. Less apparent sources may be hidden in
the ingredient list, such as high fructose corn syrup, regular corn syrup,
corn oil, corn starch, corn flour, dextrose, glucose and sugar alcohols such
as xylitol. Most vitamin C supplements are synthesized from GMO corn.
Soy Is Sneaky, Too
GMO soy is engineered to resist being sprayed with weed killers. Popular soy
foods are soy milk, tofu, soy chips, edamame, miso, soy sauce, baby formula
, protein drinks, energy bars, bread made with soy flour and meat
substitutes such as soy "turkey." Soybean oil is an ingredient in mayonnaise
, salad dressings, prepared foods, canned tuna and supplements such as
vitamin E. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil, a major source of trans fat,
is used in baked goods and fried foods. Soy can be disguised as textured
vegetable protein, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, vegetable broth and natural
flavoring, so reading labels is essential.
Other Sources of GMOs
Cottonseed oil, found in many processed foods and canned nuts, is mostly GMO
. Canola oil, an ingredient in many so-called “healthy” foods, is also
mostly GMO. Canola mayonnaise and salad dressings, therefore, are usually
GMO, just like their soybean oil counterparts. Most commercial sucrose, or
table sugar, is made from GMO sugar beets instead of sugar cane. Hawaiian
papaya and some varieties of zucchini and yellow squash are GMO. Many dairy
foods, unless specified otherwise on the label, contain traces of
recombinant growth hormone (RBGH), administered to cows to increase milk
production. Meat products that are not certified organic or grass-fed have
been raised on GMO corn and soy.
How To Avoid GMOs
The best way to avoid GMOs is to cook at home using certified organic
ingredients. Organic foods, by law, are non-GMO. When buying produce such as
corn, look for the PLU code on the label -- if it begins with 9, it is
organic. If you use packaged or prepared foods, look for “USDA Certified
Organic” on the label. Packaged foods that contain at least 70 percent
organic ingredients are not permitted to contain GMOs. Assume that all
restaurants are serving GMOs. The vast majority of non-organic products sold
in a conventional supermarket, including pet foods and baby foods, contain
some form of GMO corn, soy or other ingredients. | s******n
发帖数: 518 | 2 根本此文，西红柿和土豆，曾经的转基因，因为口味和被快餐业抵制，都早就停了
转基因包括玉米和大豆，和 zucchini and yellow summer squash
Risks & Side Effects of Genetically Modified Food
by SHARON PERKINS Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
Inserting genes not normally found in a certain food or plant results in a
genetically modified food. Farmers genetically modify crops for one of
several reasons: to increase resistance to certain viruses or toxins, to
increase pesticide resistance and to increase resistance to certain powerful
herbicides. Most genetic modifications aim to increase farming
profitability but also to reduce environmental or crop damage from
pesticides and herbicides. In 2006, the United States grew 53 percent of the
world’s genetically modified foods, the Human Genome Project reports.
Genetically modified foods have a number of potentially negative side
effects.
Harm to Other Organisms
One of the biggest objections to genetically modified foods is their
unintended potential for harm, not only to humans who eat the products but
also to other organisms that may consume the crops. Some genetically
modified foods, for example, contain genes that increase resistance to
certain antibiotics. If this property were transferred to a person eating
the food, antibiotics might not have the usual effects against infection.
Cross Contamination
The cross contamination of nearby plants with pollen from genetically
modified crops could transfer certain genes from one plant type to another,
biologist Deborah Whitman reports on the ProQuest website. Separation of
growing fields and creating male sterile plants that don’t produce pollen
can prevent cross contamination between similar species growing in nearby
fields. This has already happened in the U.S. when a type of maize approved
for feed use appeared in maize grown for human use, the World Health
Organization states.
Increased Resistance to Pesticides
Increased resistance has occurred in mosquitoes that developed resistance to
the pesticide DDT. Insects could also develop resistance to the pesticides
produced by genetically modified plants, making it more difficult to control
infestation and insect damage rather than less difficult over time.
Allergenic Effects
Introducing genetic material from one plant to another may result in the
introduction of allergenic material from one species into another. Because
certain proteins cause more allergic reactions than others, people with
severe allergies know what foods to avoid. If genes from those foods are
introduced into others without appropriate labeling to warn those with
allergies, allergic reactions could occur. The introduction of genetic
material from Brazil nuts into soybeans was shelved for this reason, Whitman
states.
Keeping People Informed
As many as 60 to 70 percent of all foods sold in U.S. supermarkets may
contain some genetically modified foods, according to Keith and Renee
Schneider, assistant professors in the Food Science and Human Nutrition
Department of the University of Florida. Soybeans and corn, common
ingredients in a number of processed foods, are the most common genetically
modified crops in the U.S. But because the Food and Drug Administration
considers genetically modified foods to be equivalent to naturally produced
foods, these foods are not labeled in any way.
***********************************************
List of Vegetables That Are Genetically Modified
by CLAY MCNIGHT Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
Genetically modified foods, commonly referred to as GMOs, are foods that
have been implanted with genetic material from other species of plants or
animals. While several major U.S. crops have been genetically modified, the
number of genetically modified vegetables is limited.
GMO Basics
The potential advantages of genetically engineered foods include improved
nutrition and taste, decreased use of pesticides, increased tolerance to
drought, increased yield and decreased production costs, according to
MedlinePlus. However, modifying the genetic material in plants has certain
risks. These may include unexpected or harmful genetic outcomes, less
resistance to certain pests and cross-pollinating with traditional crops,
which could potentially lead to the extinction of these organisms, as well
as other unforeseen consequences.
High-Risk GMO Vegetables
A limited number of crops are genetically modified. According to the Non-GMO
Project -- North America’s only nonprofit, third-party verification and
labeling organization for non-GMO food and products -- nine crops are
considered high risk for being genetically modified: alfalfa, cotton, canola
, corn, soy, papaya, sugar beets, zucchini and yellow summer squash. In the
United States, each of these crops is around 90 percent genetically modified
. Of these high-risk crops, the vegetables include alfalfa, soy, sugar beets
, zucchini and yellow summer squash. Many people mistakenly believe that
corn is a vegetable, but it is actually a grain.
Low-Risk GMO Vegetables
In addition to the high-risk crops, there are crops that are monitored by
the Non-GMO Project for genetic pollution, which can potentially result in
genetically modified varieties. The Non-GMO Project notes that the
vegetables in this group include chard, table beets, Siberian kale, bok choy
, Chinese cabbage, turnips, acorn squash, delicata squash and patty pan.
Discontinued GMO Vegetables
Tomatoes and potatoes have had genetically modified varieties developed;
however, they are no longer in production. Genetically modified tomatoes
were discontinued in 1997 due to problems with shipping and flavor.
Genetically modified potatoes were discontinued in 2001 due to rejection by
fast-food chains. The Non-GMO Project considers both potatoes and tomatoes "
low risk" for being genetically modified.
**************************************
List of Foods Containing GMOs
by JANINE GRANT Last Updated: Oct 03, 2017
You most likely eat at least some GMOs. Crops that are genetically modified
to resist herbicides or produce insecticides came on the market in 1996.
According to the Organic Consumers Association, 40 percent of all U.S. crops
are GMO, and 80 percent of processed foods contain GMOs. GMO crops are also
used as a cheap and fattening feed for factory-farmed animals, which are
also often injected with genetically engineered hormones. The USDA reports
that 88 percent of corn and 93 percent of soybeans are GMOs, as are 90
percent of cotton and canola.
Most Corn Is Hiding
GMO corn is engineered to produce its own insecticide called Bt toxin. Some
newer varieties are also resistant to weed killers or herbicides. Avoiding
GMO corn can be challenging because so many food products are derived from
it or contain it. Obvious sources are sweet corn, corn muffins, corn chips,
corn flakes, tortillas and popcorn. Less apparent sources may be hidden in
the ingredient list, such as high fructose corn syrup, regular corn syrup,
corn oil, corn starch, corn flour, dextrose, glucose and sugar alcohols such
as xylitol. Most vitamin C supplements are synthesized from GMO corn.
Soy Is Sneaky, Too
GMO soy is engineered to resist being sprayed with weed killers. Popular soy
foods are soy milk, tofu, soy chips, edamame, miso, soy sauce, baby formula
, protein drinks, energy bars, bread made with soy flour and meat
substitutes such as soy "turkey." Soybean oil is an ingredient in mayonnaise
, salad dressings, prepared foods, canned tuna and supplements such as
vitamin E. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil, a major source of trans fat,
is used in baked goods and fried foods. Soy can be disguised as textured
vegetable protein, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, vegetable broth and natural
flavoring, so reading labels is essential.
Other Sources of GMOs
Cottonseed oil, found in many processed foods and canned nuts, is mostly GMO
. Canola oil, an ingredient in many so-called “healthy” foods, is also
mostly GMO. Canola mayonnaise and salad dressings, therefore, are usually
GMO, just like their soybean oil counterparts. Most commercial sucrose, or
table sugar, is made from GMO sugar beets instead of sugar cane. Hawaiian
papaya and some varieties of zucchini and yellow squash are GMO. Many dairy
foods, unless specified otherwise on the label, contain traces of
recombinant growth hormone (RBGH), administered to cows to increase milk
production. Meat products that are not certified organic or grass-fed have
been raised on GMO corn and soy.
How To Avoid GMOs
The best way to avoid GMOs is to cook at home using certified organic
ingredients. Organic foods, by law, are non-GMO. When buying produce such as
corn, look for the PLU code on the label -- if it begins with 9, it is
organic. If you use packaged or prepared foods, look for “USDA Certified
Organic” on the label. Packaged foods that contain at least 70 percent
organic ingredients are not permitted to contain GMOs. Assume that all
restaurants are serving GMOs. The vast majority of non-organic products sold
in a conventional supermarket, including pet foods and baby foods, contain
some form of GMO corn, soy or other ingredients. | s******n
发帖数: 518 | 3 rt
翻译一下：
转基因目的包括增强对杀虫剂和除草剂的适应性，危害性有：
１一些基因被改造来对抗抗生素，如果这个基因变化传给人和动物，那么抗生素就可能
失效
２。交叉感染。相邻的作物，转基因通过花粉传递，可以改变其他作物基因。
３。害虫增加对杀虫剂的抵抗
４。增加过敏反应。如果过敏转基因食品进入另外食品，很难追踪 |
|
