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Macromolecules版 - Lab-made organ implanted for first time
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Lab-made organ implanted for first time
By Madison Park, CNNJuly 8, 2011 9:32 a.m. EDT
Scientists created an artificial trachea using polymers that had a spongy
and flexible texture.
In June, doctors implanted an artificial trachea into a 36-year-old man
The organ was created in a lab and bathed with the patient's stem cells
It took away the need for the patient to wait for a donor organ
(CNN) -- For the first time, a patient has received a synthetic windpipe
that was created in a lab with the patient's own stem cells and without
using human donor tissue, researchers said Thursday.
Previous lab-generated transplants either used a segment of donor windpipe
or involved tissue only, not an organ.
In a laboratory in London, scientists created a trachea, which is a tube-
like airway that connects at the voice box and branches into both lungs.
On June 9, doctors implanted this synthetic windpipe into a 36-year-old man
with late-stage tracheal cancer at Karolinska University Hospital in
Stockholm. The patient is doing well and is expected to be released from the
hospital Friday, said Dr. Paolo Macchiarini, professor of regenerative
medicine there.
Tracheal cancers are extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of all
cancers.
After the patient's initial diagnosis in 2008, he had exhausted every
treatment available, including chemotherapy, radiation and surgery,
Macchiarini said. The patient, an Eritrean who had been studying in Iceland,
is the subject of a BBC documentary airing Thursday in Sweden.
His tumor had almost blocked his windpipe, doctors said.
Rather than waiting for a transplant, his doctors suggested growing an organ
. Scientists created a Y-shaped framework for the new trachea, modeling it
after the specific shape of the patient's windpipe.
The form was made of polymers that had a spongy and flexible texture. Stiff
rings around the tube mimicked the structure of a human trachea.
The form was then bathed in a solution containing the patient's stem cells "
to get the cells to grow on the sponge material," said David Green,
president of Harvard Bioscience. Stem cells can divide and turn into a range
of cell types, including those in organs.
This is the artificial trachea, covered in the patient's cells.
His company worked on the stem cell solution, which is seen as a pink liquid
in the photo at left. The purpose was to "seed" the synthetic windpipe --
as you would seed a new lawn -- to grow on the structure.
"Stem cells from the own patient were growing inside and outside,"
Macchiarini said. "This structure was becoming a living structure."
The stem cells were given physical or chemical cues to create the desired
type, Green said.
Once the cells were thriving on the form, the artificial trachea was
implanted into the patient.
His body accepted the new trachea, and he even had a cough reflex two days
after the surgery, Macchiarini said.
Three years ago, Macchiarini made headlines by implanting an artificial
trachea created from donor tissue combined with stem cells from the
recipient, Claudia Castillo, whose windpipe had been damaged by tuberculosis
.
"The results were quite good, but unfortunately we were still dependent" on
organ donation, which can take months, Macchiarini said.
Creating the synthetic structure for the trachea in the current case took 10
to 12 days, compared with waiting months for an organ donor, Macchiarini
said.
Earlier this year, regenerative medicine scientists at Wake Forest
University School of Medicine reported that they had engineered five
urethras between March 2004 and July 2007.
They had used a small piece of each patient's own tissue from the bladder,
then grew the cells in a lab onto a mesh scaffold shaped like a urethra.
This area of research remains somewhat controversial in medicine, because
critics say this could lead to human cloning.
But Macchiarini said making these first artificial organs viable in patients
opens doors for future transplants through the relatively new field of
regenerative medicine.
"It's a beautiful international collaboration," he said about the recent
effort that involved doctors and researches in Sweden, the United Kingdom
and the United States. "If scientists and clinicians work together, we can
help humanity."
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