r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 1 https://www.wsj.com/articles/behind-north-koreas-nuclear-advance-scientists-
who-bring-technology-home-1504711605
华尔街日报
Behind North Korea’s Nuclear Advance: Scientists Who Bring Technology Home
Pyongyang’s recent weapons tests are a reminder of a conundrum: How has the
nation advanced in arms despite international efforts to keep expertise out
of its hands? The answer may lie in students it sends abroad.
By
Jeremy Page and Alastair Gale
HARBIN, China—When North Korea tested what it said was a domestically
produced hydrogen bomb on Sunday—a week after launching its 18th ballistic
missile of the year—it was a reminder of a conundrum at the heart of the
country’s nuclear program. How has it advanced so rapidly despite concerted
international efforts to keep weapons-related technology out of its hands?
The answer may lie in expertise brought home by North Korean scientists who
studied abroad, especially in China, sometimes in apparent violation of 2016
United Nations sanctions that ban teaching North Koreans certain subjects.
Hundreds of North Korean scientists have studied outside the country in
recent years, according to a Wall Street Journal review of official figures,
academic papers and data from universities, many in areas the U.N. says
could help Pyongyang’s weapons programs.
Early in its six-decade quest for a nuclear arsenal, North Korea relied on
technology and experts from the Soviet Union, then later from Iran and
Pakistan. That it can now draw on its own scientists indicates it will only
become harder to contain Pyongyang’s nuclear ambitions.
“We should be very concerned about North Korean researchers abroad,
particularly in China,” said Katsuhisa Furukawa, a member from 2011-2016 of
the U.N. panel of experts monitoring sanctions enforcement on North Korea. | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 2 North Korean doctoral students in a registration book at their former
accommodation block at China’s Harbin Institute of Technology, who
university staff say recently departed because of U.N. sanctions and say
were mostly scientists.Photo: Jeremy Page/The Wall Street Journal
https://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/BN-UY820_201709_8SR_
20170906082726.jpg
Harbin Institute of Technology during celebration of the First China
Aerospace Day in April 2016.Photo: Tao Zhang/NurPhoto/ZUMA Press
https://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/BN
UY604_NKSCIE_H_20170905160733.jpg | c****3
发帖数: 10787 | | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 4 Among those scientists is Kim Kyong Sol, who was still at China’s elite
Harbin Institute of Technology more than a year after the U.N. introduced
its sanctions, doing a Ph.D. in mechatronics—a blend of mechanical
engineering, electronics and programming—according to university staff. In
March this year, he published a paper in China co-written by a senior
engineer in Beijing’s military-run space program.
After reviewing Mr. Kim’s paper at the Journal’s request, Mr. Furukawa
concluded it fell into a category banned by U.N. sanctions.
Foreign-educated North Koreans’ work in multiple disciplines, said Mr.
Furukawa, now an independent analyst, has “surely contributed to the
accumulation of scientific know-how and information relevant to its weapons
program.”
North Korea’s technological advances go beyond nuclear science. Any
research or contacts abroad that could help North Korea launch objects into
space is of concern to the U.S. as it tries to stop Pyongyang from
perfecting ways to attack America or its allies.
Pyongyang has launched Earth-observation satellites, which can be used for
reconnaissance and targeting. It has also test-fired missiles from a
submarine and said it could conduct an electromagnetic-pulse attack,
designed to cripple electric grids by detonating a nuclear device on a
satellite.
The technology Mr. Kim studied, called MR damping, can be used to stabilize
spacecraft and absorb shock in missile-launch systems, including in
submarines, as well as to reduce vibration in cars, buildings and
helicopters, U.S. experts in the field said. | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 5 Mr. Kim returned home in June, university staff said. He didn’t respond to
emails. China’s foreign ministry said Beijing was “strictly implementing”
all U.N. resolutions on North Korea. It didn’t respond to questions about
Mr. Kim, nor did Harbin Institute of Technology.
The concern among U.S. officials is that Pyongyang exploited a lack of
strict education sanctions before the 2016 U.N. ban to dispatch scientists
and bring back “dual use” expertise—with civilian and military
applications—and could continue to benefit from any lax enforcement of the
ban.
Some of those officials said they fear that even with strict sanctions
enforcement, Pyongyang may already have sufficient indigenous know-how for
its nuclear goals. There is evidence North Korea produces its own rocket
engines, the Journal reported in August, citing a U.S. intelligence official
, contradicting a recent think-tank report suggesting its engines are from
Ukraine or Russia. | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 6 Kim Jong Un made a point of bragging that his claimed hydrogen bomb was
indigenous: “All components of the H-bomb were homemade and all the
processes ranging from the production of weapons-grade nuclear materials to
precision processing of components and their assembling,” the nation’s
official Korean Central News Agency quoted him as saying.
Following North Korea’s second nuclear-bomb test in 2009, the U.N. in a
package of sanctions in response called on countries to “prevent
specialized teaching or training” within their territories or by their
nationals that could help Pyongyang’s nuclear and missile development.
The U.N. imposed the 2016 ban on teaching specific subjects in response to a
fourth nuclear test in January of that year and broadened it to encompass
disciplines such as advanced engineering and materials science after another
test last September.
In a report this February, U.N. experts said they found several North
Koreans studying physics in Italy and four studying material science,
engineering and electronic communications in Romania last year after the ban
. The report said all were redirected to permitted subjects. The
institutions didn’t respond to requests for comment.
In 2016, U.N. experts said two North Koreans were training that year before
the ban at an Indian space technology center where 32 others had attended
since 1996, including one who recently headed Pyongyang’s satellite control
center. The Indian center said it no longer accepts North Koreans.
China in recent years has accounted for the bulk of North Korean scientists
abroad, the Journal found in a review of official figures and data from
universities in countries where the most North Koreans typically have
studied. In China, 1,086 North Korean postgraduates studied in 2015, the
last year for which official data are available, according to a Chinese
Ministry of Education publication, up from 354 in 2009. The publication
doesn’t show which schools they attended or what they studied.
The Education Ministry didn’t respond to requests for comment. | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 7 China accounted for 60% of research papers by North Koreans in foreign
journals from 2011 through 2016, mostly in physics, engineering, math,
metallurgy and materials science, a study of academic databases by
researchers from South Korea’s Hallym University found.
Papers published by North Koreans in China since the 2016 U.N. sanctions
span civilian fields such as medicine and mining but also include several in
fields now prohibited, including metallic foams that protect against
radiation.
Sending more scientists abroad, and giving them perks at home, has been
central to Kim Jong Un’s policy of byungjin, or parallel progress, to
develop nuclear weapons and the economy—a policy he introduced publicly
after taking power on his father’s 2011 death.
North Korea has said it needs nuclear weapons to prevent an attack by the U.
S. It began its nuclear-arms program with Soviet backing in the 1950s and
for years had small exchanges of scientists with the Eastern Bloc. After the
Cold War’s end, Pyongyang traded for nuclear and missile expertise, mainly
with Iran and Pakistan, according to historians, while continuing to send a
few scientists abroad.
Since North Korea’s first nuclear test in 2006, U.S. and U.N. sanctions
have focused on curbing the flow of money and dual-use materials to
Pyongyang’s weapons programs. The regime has compensated by trying to
develop more indigenous weapons know-how, experts on North Korea said.
Kim Jong Un’s byungjin policy has helped Pyongyang develop a wide spectrum
of technical expertise—including metallurgists to make strong, lightweight
alloys for rockets, mathematicians to help guide missiles and satellite
engineers to improve targeting and reconnaissance, said experts and Western
government officials.
https://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/P1-CB867_NKSCIE_9U_20170906111003
.jpg | q****5
发帖数: 1660 | 8 倒不冤。没有我共。金家不可能有核武。还潜射技术，数数全世界有几个国家有这技术
。不超过一个巴掌。
可是证据涅？？ | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | 9 At the controls of a robot at Harbin Institute of Technology, May 2016.Photo | r*****4
发帖数: 4016 | | x****o
发帖数: 29677 | 11 操，还不让人家学习知识，以为全世界都得像美国人傻逼一样蜂拥去学金融会计吗 |
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