l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 1 Many people with religious convictions feel that their faith is rock solid.
But a new study finds that prompting people to engage in analytical thinking
can cause their religious beliefs to waver, if only a little. Researchers
say the findings have potentially significant implications for understanding
the cognitive underpinnings of religion.
Psychologists often carve thinking into two broad categories: intuitive
thinking, which is fast and effortless (instantly knowing whether someone is
angry or sad from the look on her face, for example); and analytic thinking
, which is slower and more deliberate (and used for solving math problems
and other tricky tasks). Both kinds of thinking have their strengths and
weaknesses, and they often seem to interfere with one another. "Recently
there's been an emerging consensus among [researchers] … that a lot of
religious beliefs are grounded in intuitive processes," says Will Gervais, a
graduate student at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in
Canada and a co-author of the new study, published today in Science.
One example comes from a study by neuroscientist and philosopher Joshua
Greene and colleagues at Harvard University, published last September in the
Journal of Experimental Psychology. They asked hundreds of volunteers
recruited online to answer three questions with appealingly intuitive
answers that turn out to be wrong. For example, "A bat and ball cost $1.10
in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball
cost?" Although $0.10 comes easily to mind (it's the intuitive answer), it
takes some analytical thought to come up with the correct answer of $0.05.
People who chose more intuitive answers on these questions were more likely
to report stronger religious beliefs, even when the researchers controlled
for IQ, education, political leanings, and other factors.
In the same study, another group of volunteers wrote a paragraph about a
time in their lives when either following their intuition or careful
reasoning led to a good outcome. Those who wrote about intuition reported
stronger religious beliefs on a questionnaire taken immediately afterward.
If intuitive thinking encourages religious belief, as Greene's study
suggested, analytical thinking might encourage disbelief—or so Gervais and
his adviser, social psychologist Ara Norenzayan, hypothesized.
To test this idea, the duo devised several ways to subconsciously put people
in what they considered a more analytical mindset. In one experiment with
57 undergraduate students, some volunteers viewed artwork depicting a
reflective thinking pose (such as Rodin's The Thinker) while others viewed
art depicting less intellectual pursuits (such as throwing a discus) before
answering questionnaires about their faith. In another experiment with 93
undergraduates and a larger sample of 148 American adults recruited online,
some subjects solved word puzzles that incorporated words such as "analyze,"
"reason," and "ponder," while others completed similar puzzles with only
words unrelated to thinking, such as "high" and "plane." In all of these
experiments, people who got the thinking-related cues reported weaker
religious beliefs on the questionnaires taken afterward than did the control
group.
In a final experiment, Gervais and Norenzayan asked 182 volunteers to answer
a religious questionnaire as usual, while others answered the same
questionnaire printed in a hard-to-read font, which previous studies have
found promotes analytic thinking. And indeed, those who had to work harder
to comprehend the questionnaire rated their religious beliefs lower.
Because people were randomly assigned to the analytical-thinking and control
groups, and because the results were consistent across all their
experiments, Gervais says it's very unlikely the findings could result from
one group being more religious to begin with. Moreover, in two of these
experiments, the researchers administered religious belief questionnaires to
the participants a few weeks beforehand and found no difference between the
groups.
The effects of the analytical-thinking manipulations were modest. "We're not
turning people into atheists," says Gervais. Rather, when the questionnaire
responses of all subjects in an experiment are taken together, they
indicate a small shift away from religious belief.
"It's very difficult to distinguish between what a person believes and what
they say they believe," says Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist and Nobel
laureate at Princeton University who has done pioneering work on the
contributions of intuitive and analytical thinking to human decision making.
"All they have shown, and all that can be shown, is that when you're
thinking more critically you reject statements that otherwise you would
endorse," Kahneman says. "It tells you that there are some religious beliefs
people hold that if they were thinking more critically, they themselves
would not endorse."
To Gervais and Norenzayan, the findings suggest that intuitive thinking,
likely along with other cognitive and cultural factors, is a key ingredient
in religious belief. Greene agrees: "Through some combination of culture and
biology, our minds are intuitively receptive to religion." He says, "If you
're going to be unreligious, it's likely going to be due to reflecting on it
and finding some things that are hard to believe."
"In some ways this confirms what many people, both religious and
nonreligious, have said about religious belief for a long time, that it's
more of a feeling than a thought," says Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at
the University of Chicago. But he predicts the findings won't change anyone'
s mind about whether God exists or whether religious belief is rational. "If
you think that reasoning analytically is the way to go about understanding
the world accurately, you might see this as evidence that being religious
doesn't make much sense," he says. "If you're a religious person, I think
you take this evidence as showing that God has given you a system for belief
that just reveals itself to you as common sense." |
b*****n
发帖数: 4976 | |
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 3 "analyze,""reason," and "ponder," while others completed similar puzzles
with onlywords unrelated to thinking, such as "high" and "plane."
就好像说一个人不停的想聪明就说明这个人聪明，一个人想长短，快慢，这个人就不聪
明。
没有error bar,没有control，然后就开始blablabla....这些搞社会科学的人真该好好
受下自然科学的训练。
.
thinking
understanding
is
thinking
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: Many people with religious convictions feel that their faith is rock solid.
: But a new study finds that prompting people to engage in analytical thinking
: can cause their religious beliefs to waver, if only a little. Researchers
: say the findings have potentially significant implications for understanding
: the cognitive underpinnings of religion.
: Psychologists often carve thinking into two broad categories: intuitive
: thinking, which is fast and effortless (instantly knowing whether someone is
: angry or sad from the look on her face, for example); and analytic thinking
: , which is slower and more deliberate (and used for solving math problems
: and other tricky tasks). Both kinds of thinking have their strengths and
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 4 说真格的我觉得大师明显学的是社会科学，譬如政治啥的，不是自然科学
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: "analyze,""reason," and "ponder," while others completed similar puzzles
: with onlywords unrelated to thinking, such as "high" and "plane."
: 就好像说一个人不停的想聪明就说明这个人聪明，一个人想长短，快慢，这个人就不聪
: 明。
: 没有error bar,没有control，然后就开始blablabla....这些搞社会科学的人真该好好
: 受下自然科学的训练。
:
: .
: thinking
: understanding
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 5 你真信了？
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 说真格的我觉得大师明显学的是社会科学，譬如政治啥的，不是自然科学
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 6 分析出来滴
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 你真信了？
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 7 你真信了？明确一下。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 分析出来滴
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 8 这个么，举个例子，从昨天的帖子我分析出来你有可能住在贫民窟，这表示我要信你住
在贫民窟么？
什么乱七八糟的阿
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 你真信了？明确一下。
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 9 哈哈哈，请你明确一下！你真信了？
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 这个么，举个例子，从昨天的帖子我分析出来你有可能住在贫民窟，这表示我要信你住
: 在贫民窟么？
: 什么乱七八糟的阿
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 10 ？
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 哈哈哈，请你明确一下！你真信了？
|
|
|
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 11 你就是瞎猜，有证据么，拿出来啊。跟你反基督教一样，自己臆想，然后反自己的臆想。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 说真格的我觉得大师明显学的是社会科学，譬如政治啥的，不是自然科学
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 12 怎么不说话了？
你真信了？
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: ？
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 13 来，大师拼了老命回避的问题，你是不是党员？党员能信基督教么？
想。
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 你就是瞎猜，有证据么，拿出来啊。跟你反基督教一样，自己臆想，然后反自己的臆想。
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 14 看得懂例子么？看不懂仔细看看
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 怎么不说话了？
: 你真信了？
|
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 15 你就是瞎猜，有证据么，拿出来啊。跟你反基督教一样，自己臆想，然后反自己的臆
想。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 来，大师拼了老命回避的问题，你是不是党员？党员能信基督教么？
:
: 想。
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 16 原来你不信啊，那就是胡思乱想了。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 看得懂例子么？看不懂仔细看看
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 17 杨大师一无话可说的时候就开始转轮子了，真有趣
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 你就是瞎猜，有证据么，拿出来啊。跟你反基督教一样，自己臆想，然后反自己的臆
: 想。
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 18 你的逻辑很成问题，同学
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 原来你不信啊，那就是胡思乱想了。
|
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 19 把证据拿出来，拿不出来就是瞎猜。承认不就完了，说句实话有那么难么？
有我是党员的证据么？Yes or No?
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 杨大师一无话可说的时候就开始转轮子了，真有趣
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 20 证据就是你自己啊，你是党员么？
１， 是
２， 不是
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 把证据拿出来，拿不出来就是瞎猜。承认不就完了，说句实话有那么难么？
: 有我是党员的证据么？Yes or No?
|
|
|
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 21 不告诉你。
自己是自己的证据，这不叫circular reasoning么？看来你自己倒是喜欢用啊。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 证据就是你自己啊，你是党员么？
: １， 是
: ２， 不是
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 22 那就是你真信了？
1.信
2.不信
选那个？
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 你的逻辑很成问题，同学
|
t*******r
发帖数: 2940 | 23 什么情况？灌水的同学客串城关了？
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 把证据拿出来，拿不出来就是瞎猜。承认不就完了，说句实话有那么难么？
: 有我是党员的证据么？Yes or No?
|
t*******r
发帖数: 2940 | 24 什么情况？灌水的同学客串城关了？
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 把证据拿出来，拿不出来就是瞎猜。承认不就完了，说句实话有那么难么？
: 有我是党员的证据么？Yes or No?
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 25 溜吧溜吧
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 不告诉你。
: 自己是自己的证据，这不叫circular reasoning么？看来你自己倒是喜欢用啊。
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 26 lol
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 那就是你真信了？
: 1.信
: 2.不信
: 选那个？
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 27 你真信了，要拿出证据。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 溜吧溜吧
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 28 ？，lol被你滥用了
请认真回答问题。
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: lol
|
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 29 leonana 比较喜欢人肉，查户口。
【在 t*******r 的大作中提到】
: 什么情况？灌水的同学客串城关了？
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 30 拿啥证据？
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 你真信了，要拿出证据。
|
|
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 31 把大师的名姓电话全公布了叫人肉，问你家几口阁下籍贯啥的才叫查户口， 问你这个
基督徒是不是党员， 做党员和基督徒冲不冲突居然也变成人肉和查户口了，搞笑
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: leonana 比较喜欢人肉，查户口。
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | |
J*******g
发帖数: 8775 | 33 不止吧。
这句话是不是你说的？
“我说大师你怎么这么爱代表，这是党员的思想么？”
这是不是你刚说过的？
“来，大师拼了老命回避的问题，你是不是党员？”
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 把大师的名姓电话全公布了叫人肉，问你家几口阁下籍贯啥的才叫查户口， 问你这个
: 基督徒是不是党员， 做党员和基督徒冲不冲突居然也变成人肉和查户口了，搞笑
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 34 我啥时说得我相信了？ 请出示证据
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 你相信在先，请出示你相信的证据。
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 35 是我说的，大师是想表达啥？
【在 J*******g 的大作中提到】
: 不止吧。
: 这句话是不是你说的？
: “我说大师你怎么这么爱代表，这是党员的思想么？”
: 这是不是你刚说过的？
: “来，大师拼了老命回避的问题，你是不是党员？”
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 36 你又打滚了，请回答
1.信
2.不信
选那个？
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 我啥时说得我相信了？ 请出示证据
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 37 你又打滚了，请回答我啥时说得我相信了？ 请出示证据
1.有证据
2.没证据
选那个？
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 你又打滚了，请回答
: 1.信
: 2.不信
: 选那个？
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | |
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 39 不要回避问题嘛，
你又打滚了，请回答我啥时说得我相信了？ 请出示证据
1.有证据
2.没证据
选那个啊？
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 不要回避问题嘛，
: 你又打滚了，请回答
|
n********n
发帖数: 8336 | 40 鹦鹉学舌了
【在 l*****a 的大作中提到】
: 不要回避问题嘛，
: 你又打滚了，请回答我啥时说得我相信了？ 请出示证据
: 1.有证据
: 2.没证据
: 选那个啊？
|
|
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 41 智障问题只能用智障问题回复啊，lol
【在 n********n 的大作中提到】
: 鹦鹉学舌了
|
