y***r
发帖数: 16594 | 1 Low IQ & Conservative Beliefs Linked to Prejudice
There's no gentle way to put it: People who give in to racism and prejudice
may simply be dumb, according to a new study that is bound to stir public
controversy.
The research finds that children with low intelligence are more likely to
hold prejudiced attitudes as adults. These findings point to a vicious cycle
, according to lead researcher Gordon Hodson, a psychologist at Brock
University in Ontario. Low-intelligence adults tend to gravitate toward
socially conservative ideologies, the study found. Those ideologies, in turn
, stress hierarchy and resistance to change, attitudes that can contribute
to prejudice, Hodson wrote in an email to LiveScience.
"Prejudice is extremely complex and multifaceted, making it critical that
any factors contributing to bias are uncovered and understood," he said.
Controversy ahead
The findings combine three hot-button topics.
"They've pulled off the trifecta of controversial topics," said Brian Nosek,
a social and cognitive psychologist at the University of Virginia who was
not involved in the study. "When one selects intelligence, political
ideology and racism and looks at any of the relationships between those
three variables, it's bound to upset somebody."
Polling data and social and political science research do show that
prejudice is more common in those who hold right-wing ideals that those of
other political persuasions, Nosek told LiveScience. [7 Thoughts That Are
Bad For You]
"The unique contribution here is trying to make some progress on the most
challenging aspect of this," Nosek said, referring to the new study. "It's
not that a relationship like that exists, but why it exists."
Brains and bias
Earlier studies have found links between low levels of education and higher
levels of prejudice, Hodson said, so studying intelligence seemed a logical
next step. The researchers turned to two studies of citizens in the United
Kingdom, one that has followed babies since their births in March 1958, and
another that did the same for babies born in April 1970. The children in the
studies had their intelligence assessed at age 10 or 11; as adults ages 30
or 33, their levels of social conservatism and racism were measured. [Life's
Extremes: Democrat vs. Republican]
In the first study, verbal and nonverbal intelligence was measured using
tests that asked people to find similarities and differences between words,
shapes and symbols. The second study measured cognitive abilities in four
ways, including number recall, shape-drawing tasks, defining words and
identifying patterns and similarities among words. Average IQ is set at 100.
Social conservatives were defined as people who agreed with a laundry list
of statements such as "Family life suffers if mum is working full-time," and
"Schools should teach children to obey authority." Attitudes toward other
races were captured by measuring agreement with statements such as "I wouldn
't mind working with people from other races." (These questions measured
overt prejudiced attitudes, but most people, no matter how egalitarian, do
hold unconscious racial biases; Hodson's work can't speak to this "
underground" racism.)
As suspected, low intelligence in childhood corresponded with racism in
adulthood. But the factor that explained the relationship between these two
variables was political: When researchers included social conservatism in
the analysis, those ideologies accounted for much of the link between brains
and bias.
People with lower cognitive abilities also had less contact with people of
other races.
"This finding is consistent with recent research demonstrating that
intergroup contact is mentally challenging and cognitively draining, and
consistent with findings that contact reduces prejudice," said Hodson, who
along with his colleagues published these results online Jan. 5 in the
journal Psychological Science.
A study of averages
Hodson was quick to note that the despite the link found between low
intelligence and social conservatism, the researchers aren't implying that
all liberals are brilliant and all conservatives stupid. The research is a
study of averages over large groups, he said.
"There are multiple examples of very bright conservatives and not-so-bright
liberals, and many examples of very principled conservatives and very
intolerant liberals," Hodson said.
Nosek gave another example to illustrate the dangers of taking the findings
too literally.
"We can say definitively men are taller than women on average," he said. "
But you can't say if you take a random man and you take a random woman that
the man is going to be taller. There's plenty of overlap."
Nonetheless, there is reason to believe that strict right-wing ideology
might appeal to those who have trouble grasping the complexity of the world.
"Socially conservative ideologies tend to offer structure and order," Hodson
said, explaining why these beliefs might draw those with low intelligence.
"Unfortunately, many of these features can also contribute to prejudice."
In another study, this one in the United States, Hodson and Busseri compared
254 people with the same amount of education but different levels of
ability in abstract reasoning. They found that what applies to racism may
also apply to homophobia. People who were poorer at abstract reasoning were
more likely to exhibit prejudice against gays. As in the U.K. citizens, a
lack of contact with gays and more acceptance of right-wing authoritarianism
explained the link. [5 Myths About Gay People Debunked]
Simple viewpoints
Hodson and Busseri's explanation of their findings is reasonable, Nosek said
, but it is correlational. That means the researchers didn't conclusively
prove that the low intelligence caused the later prejudice. To do that, you'
d have to somehow randomly assign otherwise identical people to be smart or
dumb, liberal or conservative. Those sorts of studies obviously aren't
possible.
The researchers controlled for factors such as education and socioeconomic
status, making their case stronger, Nosek said. But there are other possible
explanations that fit the data. For example, Nosek said, a study of left-
wing liberals with stereotypically naïve views like "every kid is a
genius in his or her own way," might find that people who hold these
attitudes are also less bright. In other words, it might not be a particular
ideology that is linked to stupidity, but extremist views in general.
"My speculation is that it's not as simple as their model presents it,"
Nosek said. "I think that lower cognitive capacity can lead to multiple
simple ways to represent the world, and one of those can be embodied in a
right-wing ideology where 'People I don't know are threats' and 'The world
is a dangerous place'. ... Another simple way would be to just assume
everybody is wonderful."
Prejudice is of particular interest because understanding the roots of
racism and bias could help eliminate them, Hodson said. For example, he said
, many anti-prejudice programs encourage participants to see things from
another group's point of view. That mental exercise may be too taxing for
people of low IQ.
"There may be cognitive limits in the ability to take the perspective of
others, particularly foreigners," Hodson said. "Much of the present research
literature suggests that our prejudices are primarily emotional in origin
rather than cognitive. These two pieces of information suggest that it might
be particularly fruitful for researchers to consider strategies to change
feelings toward outgroups," rather than thoughts. | y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 2 prej·u·dice
[prej-uh-dis] Show IPA noun, verb, -diced, -dic·ing.
noun
1.
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge,
thought, or reason.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prejudice
prejudice
cycle
turn
【在 y***r 的大作中提到】
: Low IQ & Conservative Beliefs Linked to Prejudice
: There's no gentle way to put it: People who give in to racism and prejudice
: may simply be dumb, according to a new study that is bound to stir public
: controversy.
: The research finds that children with low intelligence are more likely to
: hold prejudiced attitudes as adults. These findings point to a vicious cycle
: , according to lead researcher Gordon Hodson, a psychologist at Brock
: University in Ontario. Low-intelligence adults tend to gravitate toward
: socially conservative ideologies, the study found. Those ideologies, in turn
: , stress hierarchy and resistance to change, attitudes that can contribute
| y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 3 有一个问题大家可以思考一下.
今天正好也有一个新闻.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405297020430140457717153
比如说,global warming.
到底相信global warming的有prejudice
还是怀疑global warming的有prejudice
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: prej·u·dice
: [prej-uh-dis] Show IPA noun, verb, -diced, -dic·ing.
: noun
: 1.
: an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge,
: thought, or reason.
: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prejudice
:
: prejudice
: cycle
| y***r
发帖数: 16594 | 4 同理，
倒底是相信地球绕着太阳转的人prejudice，
还是相信太阳绕着地球转的人prejudice.
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: 有一个问题大家可以思考一下.
: 今天正好也有一个新闻.
: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405297020430140457717153
: 比如说,global warming.
: 到底相信global warming的有prejudice
: 还是怀疑global warming的有prejudice
| y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 5 现在的事实告诉我们.
相信太阳绕着地球转的人prejudice.
但是别忘了,
当初那些相信太阳绕着地球转的人就是所谓现如今
相信global warming的主流科学家们...
【在 y***r 的大作中提到】
: 同理，
: 倒底是相信地球绕着太阳转的人prejudice，
: 还是相信太阳绕着地球转的人prejudice.
| y***r
发帖数: 16594 | 6 你也可以说现在不相信global warming的人是哥白尼以前不相信地球绕着太阳转的人。
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: 现在的事实告诉我们.
: 相信太阳绕着地球转的人prejudice.
: 但是别忘了,
: 当初那些相信太阳绕着地球转的人就是所谓现如今
: 相信global warming的主流科学家们...
| c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 7 to be factural and precise
there is a none zero probability that we are (going to) suffer from
global warming, the chance of no global warming is also none zero
however, concluding that "global warming is/isn't a fact"
based on today's science and technology is an outstraight lie.
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: 现在的事实告诉我们.
: 相信太阳绕着地球转的人prejudice.
: 但是别忘了,
: 当初那些相信太阳绕着地球转的人就是所谓现如今
: 相信global warming的主流科学家们...
| C*******r
发帖数: 10345 | 8 Brock University in Ontario 这种狗屁学校的叫兽，有人也相信。说华人民猪党被
人卖了替人数钱，真是没错。 | y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 9 少漏一个字,就有人就咬.
Ok, we are talking about anthropic global warming.
and what do you have to say on that!
【在 c****n 的大作中提到】
: to be factural and precise
: there is a none zero probability that we are (going to) suffer from
: global warming, the chance of no global warming is also none zero
: however, concluding that "global warming is/isn't a fact"
: based on today's science and technology is an outstraight lie.
| c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 10 there is not enough scientific evidence to either
support or deny the possibility of anthropic global warming yet
for now, concluding on either side is an outstraight lie
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: 少漏一个字,就有人就咬.
: Ok, we are talking about anthropic global warming.
: and what do you have to say on that!
| | | y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 11 you got it,
so let's wait on actual actions.
or can those liberal scumbags wait?
【在 c****n 的大作中提到】
: there is not enough scientific evidence to either
: support or deny the possibility of anthropic global warming yet
: for now, concluding on either side is an outstraight lie
| c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 12 you can see clearly the motivations of
global warming activists, can't you? :)
this is a capitalism world, you may want to show your
respect to those actions that make money for actors.
remember, greedy is a merit. politicians can lie to make profit,
wall streeters too, why cannot scientists.
No discrimination please :)
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: you got it,
: so let's wait on actual actions.
: or can those liberal scumbags wait?
| y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 13 greed is sure a factor.
a good factor.
but play by the rules,
i am not against greed at all, but scam.
【在 c****n 的大作中提到】
: you can see clearly the motivations of
: global warming activists, can't you? :)
: this is a capitalism world, you may want to show your
: respect to those actions that make money for actors.
: remember, greedy is a merit. politicians can lie to make profit,
: wall streeters too, why cannot scientists.
: No discrimination please :)
| c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 14 who set the rules that politicians can lie,
wall streeters can lie but scientist cannot lie?
you come to the key point, who is the ruler.
these rules are created in favor for politicians, bankers, etc
who are the center force of the capitalism world. they lie,
and no punishment. even a big, trillion dollar cost lie that
costs Iraq war is ok.
if you are among those rulers, of course you should be furious
to lying scientists. but if you are not, why not take your
own advantage instead of pointing your fingers?
anyway your arguement won't stop those global warming activists
you cannot stop them by saying "you lie". you can only stop them
by showing them a more rewarding path. try to think an alternative
for those global warming puppies, they will follow you and help you.:)
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: greed is sure a factor.
: a good factor.
: but play by the rules,
: i am not against greed at all, but scam.
| y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 15 now you are cynically expecting santa claus again.
are all the rules fair?
of course not.
do sheeple benefit from certain rules to punish scam?
yes, of course.
【在 c****n 的大作中提到】
: who set the rules that politicians can lie,
: wall streeters can lie but scientist cannot lie?
: you come to the key point, who is the ruler.
: these rules are created in favor for politicians, bankers, etc
: who are the center force of the capitalism world. they lie,
: and no punishment. even a big, trillion dollar cost lie that
: costs Iraq war is ok.
: if you are among those rulers, of course you should be furious
: to lying scientists. but if you are not, why not take your
: own advantage instead of pointing your fingers?
| S*********n
发帖数: 4050 | 16 Yourtt is a live example of this.
【在 y***r 的大作中提到】
: 你也可以说现在不相信global warming的人是哥白尼以前不相信地球绕着太阳转的人。
| z****0
发帖数: 3942 | 17 闭嘴！天机不可泄漏。
【在 S*********n 的大作中提到】
: Yourtt is a live example of this.
| c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 18 nah, i don't expect santa claus
i am just explaining situation to you
you cannot be benefited from yelling "you lie" to those global warming
activists
because millions of people ARE making money from this scientific absurdity.
you yell and vote and change an officer, that's all you can do. but the new
officer will still act according to the rules of capitalism regardless of
his
promises in campaign. that's it.
i completely agree with you that concluding anthropic global warming is an
outright lie. most people in in power know this fact. but why they
support this? if you really want to stop it, you have to understand the
reason
behind it first. :) then you can think of a way to stop it.
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: now you are cynically expecting santa claus again.
: are all the rules fair?
: of course not.
: do sheeple benefit from certain rules to punish scam?
: yes, of course.
| z****0
发帖数: 3942 | 19 哇，好深奥！看不懂，烦您老解释解释。
【在 y****t 的大作中提到】
: now you are cynically expecting santa claus again.
: are all the rules fair?
: of course not.
: do sheeple benefit from certain rules to punish scam?
: yes, of course.
|
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