d***o
发帖数: 761 | 1 摘要：
1）跑步可比吸大麻
2）runner's high 在其他动物也有
http://www.economist.com/node/21552536
Exercise and addiction
Fun run
People, it seems, have evolved to be addicted to exercise
Apr 14th 2012 | from the print edition
You expect me to what?!
AS THE legions of gym bunnies and jogging enthusiasts who race out into the
spring sunshine every year clearly demonstrate, running can be fun. More
specifically, running triggers the release of brain chemicals called
endocannabinoids that create a potent feeling of pleasure. As their name
suggests, these endocannabinoids work in the same way as the active
ingredient of marijuana.
From an evolutionary standpoint this surge of endocannabinoids, and the “
runner’s high” it creates, make sense. For ancient humans, remaining fit
enough to run after game and away from predators and enemies was vital for
survival. Yet whether other mammals are also driven to exercise by
endocannabinoids has remained a mystery. Now a study led by David Raichlen
of the University of Arizona has revealed that the runner’s high does exist
in other species, but not in all.
Dr Raichlen hypothesised that endocannabinoid-driven exercise highs would be
found in those mammals that gain an evolutionary benefit from being fast on
their feet: antelopes, horses and wolves, for example. However, he also
thought that they would not be present in those which are known for being
quick and agile, but not for running, like ferrets. To test these ideas, he
and a team of colleagues devised an experiment that monitored the
endocannabinoid levels of different species after they had been walking or
running on a treadmill.
The experimental animals in question were ten people, eight dogs and eight
ferrets. Dr Raichlen had them run or walk on the treadmill for 30 minutes.
Since running and walking speeds differ from species to species, the speed
at which the treadmill moved was varied so that it raised the heart rates of
the different participants to the same level. Running speeds were thus set
at 2.5 metres a second for people, 1.83 for dogs and 0.84 for ferrets.
Walking speeds were set at 1.25 metres a second for people and 1.1 for dogs.
The ferrets proved too easily distracted to walk consistently on the
treadmills and were thus left to sit quietly in their cages for this part of
the study. Each participating animal ran for one session and walked for one
other, and did so on separate days, to avoid exhaustion. Before and after
each session, blood was drawn from each and the endocannabinoid levels in it
were measured.
The researchers report in the Journal of Experimental Biology that, after 30
minutes of walking (or sitting in a cage), participants’ endocannabinoid
levels did not rise. After running, however, the average human’s
endocannabinoid levels rose from 2.4 picomoles per millilitre (pmol/ml) to 6
.1. Dogs showed a similar trend, with levels rising from 2.4 pmol/ml to 8.0.
Ferrets were different. Although they did show an increase, from 3.0 to 3.9
pmol/ml, this was not a statistically significant rise. These findings
suggest that dogs experience a “runner’s high” but ferrets do not.
Dr Raichlen argues that it makes sense for ferrets not to have systems that
reward cardiovascular activity, since such exercise consumes a lot of energy
, may cause injury, and is not crucial to the stealthy hunting technique of
sneaking down burrows and killing rabbits in their sleep. What is not clear
is whether the endocannabinoid reward is an ancient mechanism that has been
lost on branches of the mammalian tree that do not need it, or is something
that evolves quickly in species which become active. Given that humanity’s
arboreal simian ancestors would presumably have had little need to run, it
is probably the latter. But to be sure Dr Raichlen will need to put animals
far less co-operative than ferrets on the treadmill.
from the print edition | Science and technology | w****a
发帖数: 455 | 2 期盼上瘾的那天，来吧~
【在 d***o 的大作中提到】
: 摘要：
: 1）跑步可比吸大麻
: 2）runner's high 在其他动物也有
: http://www.economist.com/node/21552536
: Exercise and addiction
: Fun run
: People, it seems, have evolved to be addicted to exercise
: Apr 14th 2012 | from the print edition
: You expect me to what?!
: AS THE legions of gym bunnies and jogging enthusiasts who race out into the
| d***o
发帖数: 761 | 3
Yes, Running Can Make You High
By GINA KOLATA
THE runner’s high: Every athlete has heard of it, most seem to believe in
it and many say they have experienced it. But for years scientists have
reserved judgment because no rigorous test confirmed its existence.
Yes, some people reported that they felt so good when they exercised that it
was as if they had taken mood-altering drugs. But was that feeling real or
just a delusion? And even if it was real, what was the feeling supposed to
be, and what caused it?
Some who said they had experienced a runner’s high said it was uncommon.
They might feel relaxed or at peace after exercising, but only occasionally
did they feel euphoric. Was the calmness itself a runner’s high?
Often, those who said they experienced an intense euphoria reported that it
came after an endurance event.
My friend Marian Westley said her runner’s high came at the end of a
marathon, and it was paired with such volatile emotions that the sight of a
puppy had the power to make her weep.
Others said they experienced a high when pushing themselves almost to the
point of collapse in a short, intense effort, such as running a five-
kilometer race.
But then there are those like my friend Annie Hiniker, who says that when
she finishes a 5-k race, the last thing she feels is euphoric. “I feel like
I want to throw up,” she said.
The runner’s-high hypothesis proposed that there were real biochemical
effects of exercise on the brain. Chemicals were released that could change
an athlete’s mood, and those chemicals were endorphins, the brain’s
naturally occurring opiates. Running was not the only way to get the feeling
; it could also occur with most intense or endurance exercise.
The problem with the hypothesis was that it was not feasible to do a spinal
tap before and after someone exercised to look for a flood of endorphins in
the brain. Researchers could detect endorphins in people’s blood after a
run, but those endorphins were part of the body’s stress response and could
not travel from the blood to the brain. They were not responsible for
elevating one’s mood. So for more than 30 years, the runner’s high
remained an unproved hypothesis.
But now medical technology has caught up with exercise lore. Researchers in
Germany, using advances in neuroscience, report in the current issue of the
journal Cerebral Cortex that the folk belief is true: Running does elicit a
flood of endorphins in the brain. The endorphins are associated with mood
changes, and the more endorphins a runner’s body pumps out, the greater the
effect.
Leading endorphin researchers not associated with the study said they
accepted its findings.
“Impressive,” said Dr. Solomon Snyder, a neuroscience professor at Johns
Hopkins and a discoverer of endorphins in the 1970’s.
“I like it,” said Huda Akil, a professor of neurosciences at the
University of Michigan. “This is the first time someone took this head on.
It wasn’t that the idea was not the right idea. It was that the evidence
was not there.”
For athletes, the study offers a sort of vindication that runner’s high is
not just a New Agey excuse for their claims of feeling good after a hard
workout.
For athletes and nonathletes alike, the results are opening a new chapter in
exercise science. They show that it is possible to define and measure the
runner’s high and that it should be possible to figure out what brings it
on. They even offer hope for those who do not enjoy exercise but do it
anyway. These exercisers might learn techniques to elicit a feeling that
makes working out positively addictive.
The lead researcher for the new study, Dr. Henning Boecker of the University
of Bonn, said he got the idea of testing the endorphin hypothesis when he
realized that methods he and others were using to study pain were directly
applicable.
The idea was to use PET scans combined with recently available chemicals
that reveal endorphins in the brain, to compare runners’ brains before and
after a long run. If the scans showed that endorphins were being produced
and were attaching themselves to areas of the brain involved with mood, that
would be direct evidence for the endorphin hypothesis. And if the runners,
who were not told what the study was looking for, also reported mood changes
whose intensity correlated with the amount of endorphins produced, that
would be another clincher for the argument.
Dr. Boecker and colleagues recruited 10 distance runners and told them they
were studying opioid receptors in the brain. But the runners did not realize
that the investigators were studying the release of endorphins and the
runner’s high. The athletes had a PET scan before and after a two-hour run.
They also took a standard psychological test that indicated their mood
before and after running.
The data showed that, indeed, endorphins were produced during running and
were attaching themselves to areas of the brain associated with emotions, in
particular the limbic and prefrontal areas.
The limbic and prefrontal areas, Dr. Boecker said, are activated when people
are involved in romantic love affairs or, he said, “when you hear music
that gives you a chill of euphoria, like Rachmaninoff’s Piano Concerto No.
3.” The greater the euphoria the runners reported, the more endorphins in
their brain.
“Some people have these really extreme experiences with very long or
intensive training,” said Dr. Boecker, a casual runner and cyclist, who
said he feels completely relaxed and his head is clearer after a run.
That was also what happened to the study subjects, he said: “You could
really see the difference after two hours of running. You could see it in
their faces.”
In a follow-up study, Dr. Boecker is investigating if running affects pain
perception. “There are studies that showed enhanced pain tolerance in
runners,” he said. “You have to give higher pain stimuli before they say,
‘O.K., this hurts.’ ”
And, he said, there are stories of runners who had stress fractures, even
heart attacks, and kept on running.
Dr. Boecker and his colleagues have recruited 20 marathon runners and a
similar number of nonathletes and are studying the perception of pain after
a run, and whether there are related changes in brain scans. He is also
having the subjects walk to see whether the effects, if any, are because of
the intensity of the exercise.
The nonathletes can help investigators assess whether untrained people
experience the same effects. Maybe one reason some people love intense
exercise and others do not is that some respond with a runner’s high or
changed pain perception.
Annie might question that. She loves to run, but wonders why. But her
husband tells her that the look on her face when she is running is just
blissful. So maybe even she gets a runner’s high.
Readers' Comments
"Nothing quite compares to how I feel when I finish a run: everything
becomes possible, I feel great exuberance and joy, and completely and
totally energized. "
Jennifer, Halifax Nova Scotia
Read Full Comment »
Published: March 27, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/health/nutrition/27best.html
【在 w****a 的大作中提到】
: 期盼上瘾的那天，来吧~
| M**u
发帖数: 10158 | 4 为什么别人都是make high
我是make low呢。。。。。。。。。。。。悲剧啊
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【在 d***o 的大作中提到】
:
: Yes, Running Can Make You High
: By GINA KOLATA
: THE runner’s high: Every athlete has heard of it, most seem to believe in
: it and many say they have experienced it. But for years scientists have
: reserved judgment because no rigorous test confirmed its existence.
: Yes, some people reported that they felt so good when they exercised that it
: was as if they had taken mood-altering drugs. But was that feeling real or
: just a delusion? And even if it was real, what was the feeling supposed to
: be, and what caused it?
| d***o
发帖数: 761 | 5 是不是跑太快了？
【在 M**u 的大作中提到】
: 为什么别人都是make high
: 我是make low呢。。。。。。。。。。。。悲剧啊
:
: it
: or
: occasionally
: it
: a
: like
: change
| a******1
发帖数: 1519 | 6 没读。不过运动可以引起脑非肽的分泌，从而使心情愉悦。这跟吸大麻有相同之处，不
过是身体自己产生的欣快感。
the
【在 d***o 的大作中提到】
: 摘要：
: 1）跑步可比吸大麻
: 2）runner's high 在其他动物也有
: http://www.economist.com/node/21552536
: Exercise and addiction
: Fun run
: People, it seems, have evolved to be addicted to exercise
: Apr 14th 2012 | from the print edition
: You expect me to what?!
: AS THE legions of gym bunnies and jogging enthusiasts who race out into the
| R*****s
发帖数: 41236 | | i*********5
发帖数: 19210 | 8 本来跑5K就可以high的，现在要跑100迈才能high了。
【在 R*****s 的大作中提到】
: 同意，俺就泥潭深陷，越陷越深....
| a******1
发帖数: 1519 | 9 这可能是越跑距离越长的原因吧。
【在 i*********5 的大作中提到】
: 本来跑5K就可以high的，现在要跑100迈才能high了。
| R*****s
发帖数: 41236 | 10 说实话，100迈已经high不起来了.....
不过这个100迈，比第一次跑100K的感觉好太多了, 人体的适应性还真强....
【在 i*********5 的大作中提到】
: 本来跑5K就可以high的，现在要跑100迈才能high了。
| M**u
发帖数: 10158 | 11 现在天天龟爬
【在 d***o 的大作中提到】
: 是不是跑太快了？
| d***o
发帖数: 761 | 12 ft, 2 hrs...
it
or
【在 d***o 的大作中提到】
: 是不是跑太快了？
|
|
