l****z
发帖数: 29846 | 1 15-24岁年轻人失业率，法国22%，意大利36%，西班牙51%，这还不包括那些离开学校和
就业市场的人
Young, Educated and Jobless in France
By STEVEN ERLANGER
LILLE, France — Justine Forriez wakes up early to go onto the computer to
look for a job. She calls university friends and contacts; she goes to the
unemployment office every week, though mostly for the companionship, and has
taken a course in job hunting. She has met with 10 different recruiters
since May and sent out 200 résumés.
Ms. Forriez is not poor or disadvantaged, and she holds a master’s degree
in health administration. But after a two-year apprenticeship, she is living
on state aid and working at off-the-books jobs like baby-sitting and
tending bar. She cares for a dog for $6.50 a day. She paints watercolors in
her spare time to keep herself from going crazy.
“I don’t feel at ease when I’m home,” she said. “You find yourself with
no work, no project.” With the extra $45 for dog sitting, she said, “I
can go to the grocery store.”
Ms. Forriez, 23, is part of a growing problem in France and other low-growth
countries of Europe — the young and educated unemployed, who go from one
internship to another, one short-term contract to another, but who cannot
find a permanent job that gets them on the path to the taxpaying, property-
owning French ideal that seemed the norm for decades.
This is a “floating generation,” made worse by the euro crisis, and its
plight is widely seen as a failure of the system: an elitist educational
tradition that does not integrate graduates into the work force, a rigid
labor market that is hard to enter, and a tax system that makes it expensive
for companies to hire full-time employees and both difficult and expensive
to lay them off.
The result, analysts and officials agree, is a new and growing sector of
educated unemployed, whose lives are delayed and whose inability to find
good jobs damages tax receipts, pension programs and the property market.
There are no separate figures kept for them, but when added to the large
number of unemployed young people who have little education or training,
there is a growing sense that France and other countries in Western Europe
risk losing a generation, further damaging prospects for sustainable
economic growth.
Louise Charlet, 25, has a master’s degree in management. She worked as an
apprentice at the Kiabi clothing company for more than two years, but was
not given a permanent job; she’s also worked for three months at a hotel
here. She prowls the Internet for job offers, goes to the unemployment
office and lives with her unemployed boyfriend in a neat, tiny apartment. “
You see,” she said, pointing to the computer, “there’s only one job offer
today, and it’s a temporary contract.”
The crisis makes companies doubly reluctant to hire, she said. “In our
parents’ generation, you had a job for life; now we constantly have to
change jobs, change companies, change regions.”
Yasmine Askri, 26, majored in human resources, and after a year of
unemployment, she got a business school degree. She was promised a fixed
contract after an internship, but it never came. She left the Lille area for
Paris to find a job, and spent another year on unemployment, finally
finding an interim job for 18 months at GDF Suez. But that contract ended in
June. Again unemployed, she has sent out nearly 400 résumés, she said,
but has had only three interviews.
“It’s a disaster for everyone,” said Jean Pisani-Ferry, who runs the
economic research center Bruegel in Brussels. “They can’t get credit, and
they’re treated awfully by employers. And then there are all those young
people in jobs that don’t match their skills.” The labor market, he said,
is “deeply dysfunctional.”
Throughout the European Union, unemployment among those aged 15 to 24 is
soaring — 22 percent in France, 51 percent in Spain, 36 percent in Italy.
But those are only percentages among those looking for work. There is
another category: those who are “not in employment, education or training,
” or NEETs, as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
calls them. And according to a study by the European Union’s research
agency, Eurofound, there are as many as 14 million out-of-work and
disengaged young Europeans, costing member states an estimated 153 billion
euros, or about $200 billion, a year in welfare benefits and lost production
— 1.2 percent of the bloc’s gross domestic product.
In Spain, in addition to the 51 percent of young people who are looking for
work, 23.7 percent of those 15 to 29 have simply given up looking, said Anne
Sonnet, a senior economist studying joblessness at the O.E.C.D. here. In
France, it’s 16.7 percent — nearly two million young people who have given
up; in Italy, 20.5 percent.
As dispiriting, especially for the floating generation, is that 42 percent
of those young people who are working are in temporary employment, up from
just over one-third a decade ago, the Eurofound study said. Some 30 percent,
or 5.8 million young adults, were employed part time — an increase of
nearly 9 percentage points since 2001.
That trend is especially evident in France, where 82 percent of people hired
today are on temporary contracts, said Michel Sapin, the labor minister.
Ms. Forriez said: “Yes, it’s true, you can find internships or
apprenticeships, no problem. The companies take you with open arms. But when
you speak of employment, of a permanent contract, it seems they no longer
need anyone.”
Ms. Sonnet, the O.E.C.D. economist, said that high youth unemployment is a
regular problem in France. Companies are afraid to commit to permanent
hiring when economic growth is stagnant and charges for social benefits are
so high, and the educational system tends to value liberal arts over
technical or industrial expertise.
They “often don’t learn the skills that employers need,” she said. “They
’re simply not ready to work.” Ms. Sonnet promotes more use of
apprenticeships, as in Germany, where students work part time while they go
to school.
François Béharel, the president of Randstad France, a branch of the
multinational employment agency, said that the problem of youth unemployment
among the educated is worsening at a time when employers are crying out for
engineers, computer technicians, electricians and welders.
“We have to begin with parents — ‘Stop dreaming of white collars!’ ” Mr
. Béharel said. “Blue collars, there really is a true path for them,” he
said. But small and medium-size companies, which are France’s primary
employers, do not have the resources or the profit margins to train the
untrained.
“We’ve piled up battalions of students in general education, and everyone
knows that there aren’t 10,000 among them who are going to find the job
that they imagined when they entered university,” he said. Only 40 percent
of students entering university get their degree; the rest drop out, trained
for nothing.
Still, he said, a college degree is the best path to a job — only 10
percent of those with diplomas are unemployed after four years, while 40
percent of those without diplomas are jobless. But the passage to finding
that job is now longer, costly for the person and for the state. It also
delays marriage, house ownership and retirement.
Ms. Forriez is friendly and resourceful, with a small gap in her teeth that
the French call “les dents du bonheur” — the teeth of happiness. But
staying happy is also a job. “You tell yourself that you went through a lot
of trouble to pay for your studies,” she said. “It’s hard, and in the
end you think: ‘Here I am. I did five years and made a lot of sacrifices,
and for what? To make new ones, because I need money to live.’ ”
Psychologically, she said, it is difficult. “I don’t say that there aren’
t days when I crack, when I cry,” she said. “I don’t become hysterical,
but I’m angry with the whole world.”
Mr. Sapin, the labor minister, noted that President François Hollande
campaigned on promises to reduce unemployment among the young. The challenge
, he said, is to “adapt education to the needs of the economy.” The
Socialist government is engaged in a difficult “social dialogue” with
companies and unions to reshape work rules, ease entry into the labor market
and make French companies more competitive by gradually shifting the cost
of social benefits.
The heart of the negotiation, Mr. Sapin said, is to build more trust between
unions and companies, to reduce “the culture of conflict” and create a
more cooperative and flexible system, as in Germany, one that will allow for
more “partial unemployment” in difficult times.
But he noted that France’s budget to subsidize partial unemployment is 30
million euros, while Germany’s is 15 billion euros.
But such “structural” change, if it happens at all, takes time, providing
little consolation for those caught in the trap of prolonged adolescence,
with cycles of temporary work and unemployment.
Olivia Blondel had to go to London to find a job in her chosen field,
textile design, after getting a master’s degree and paying for night
classes in computer graphics, textile design, management and dressmaking. To
get work experience, she did an internship on the black market. “I tried
to do 1,001 things with the pôle emploi,” the unemployment office, “
but it wasn’t working.” From 2006 to 2009, she could find nothing. “I
feel like there are so few jobs, or that there is a huge gap between what is
offered and our skills,” she said.
Now, at 32, she is back in Paris after several months in Vietnam, aided by
the unemployment office, but she has been without work since June, and she
is still getting financial help from her retired parents — both of whom
spent their entire careers at the same company. She gets around $1,100 a
month in unemployment benefits, but they will run out in a few months, and
she lives in a tiny room in social housing.
“I’m convinced I’ll have money one day, and I’ll pay everyone back,”
she said. “I’ll buy a house, even if it’s in the middle of nowhere.”
Maïa de la Baume and Stefania Rousselle contributed reporting from
Paris and Lille.
This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:
Correction: December 4, 2012 | b*x
发帖数: 5456 | 2 所以教育问题是个大问题。 虽然我不信教， 但是宗教在家庭稳定上还是很有效的手段
， 这也大大降低了离婚率和单亲妈妈率。 美国这新的一代更是有问题， 企业外包，
造成entry level工作大大减少。 而教育出来的都是按班上最低水平的学生教育的学生
， 质量堪忧。
has
【在 l****z 的大作中提到】
: 15-24岁年轻人失业率，法国22%，意大利36%，西班牙51%，这还不包括那些离开学校和
: 就业市场的人
: Young, Educated and Jobless in France
: By STEVEN ERLANGER
: LILLE, France — Justine Forriez wakes up early to go onto the computer to
: look for a job. She calls university friends and contacts; she goes to the
: unemployment office every week, though mostly for the companionship, and has
: taken a course in job hunting. She has met with 10 different recruiters
: since May and sent out 200 résumés.
: Ms. Forriez is not poor or disadvantaged, and she holds a master’s degree
| w********i
发帖数: 795 | 3 信教的家庭在犯罪率和受教育程度等各项指标都比不信教家庭差得多。
，
【在 b*x 的大作中提到】
: 所以教育问题是个大问题。 虽然我不信教， 但是宗教在家庭稳定上还是很有效的手段
: ， 这也大大降低了离婚率和单亲妈妈率。 美国这新的一代更是有问题， 企业外包，
: 造成entry level工作大大减少。 而教育出来的都是按班上最低水平的学生教育的学生
: ， 质量堪忧。
:
: has
| D*******o
发帖数: 3229 | 4 May I have the data supporting your statement, please?
发信人: walaiwalai (猪头太郎), 信区: USANews
标 题: Re: 15-24岁年轻人失业率，法国22%，意大利36%，西班牙51%
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Dec 5 13:30:16 2012, 美东)
信教的家庭在犯罪率和受教育程度等各项指标都比不信教家庭差得多。 | l******a
发帖数: 3803 | 5
has
硕士生照顾小狗谋生 法国“漂泊一代”就业难
一位23岁的法国女子包希早上起床后就打开电脑查阅求职网站，开始一天的生活。她每
周都会去一次市内的就业信息中心，看看求职信息。从今年5月开始，她向200多家公司
投过简历，但仍未找到工作。并不是因为学历不够，包希获得了保健行政硕士学位。但
在过去的两年里，她所做的只是保姆和酒吧侍者等零散工作而已。现在仅凭替人家照顾
小狗、刷油漆等赚取的日薪5、6欧元（约7000至8500韩元）和政府补助金维持生活。她
说：“很多时候都在流着泪抱怨这个世界。”
《国际先驱论坛报》4日报道称，像包希一样没能找到一份正式工作，只是做些零散活
的年轻人逐渐增多，已成为法国的社会问题。 这是因为，在欧洲相对较稳定的法国经
济也因欧元区危机的持续化而摇摇欲坠。企业为减少费用，不招聘正式员工。
法国15至24岁年龄段的失业率为22%。与遭受严重经济危机的西班牙（51%）和意大利（
36%）相比，属于较低水平。但问题是，在该失业率中没有包括那些直接放弃寻求正式
工作只做些零散工作的“啃老族”。在法国，放弃求职活动的15至29岁青年占16.7%，
接近200万人。《国际先驱论坛报》报道称，这些人属于没有固定住所，经常更换职业
、公司、地区的“漂泊一代 (Floating Generation) ”。
社会党人弗朗索瓦·奥朗德政府承诺，将大幅降低青年失业率。奥朗德政府为通过劳动
市场的灵活化来缓解青年失业问题，正在劝说工会，展开“社会性对话”。《国际先驱
论坛报》预测称，奥朗德政府想要通过调整企业与工会的利害关系来带动结构性变化，
需要很长一段时间，而在此之前，法国青年还将继续过着“漂泊的生活”。
【在 l****z 的大作中提到】
: 15-24岁年轻人失业率，法国22%，意大利36%，西班牙51%，这还不包括那些离开学校和
: 就业市场的人
: Young, Educated and Jobless in France
: By STEVEN ERLANGER
: LILLE, France — Justine Forriez wakes up early to go onto the computer to
: look for a job. She calls university friends and contacts; she goes to the
: unemployment office every week, though mostly for the companionship, and has
: taken a course in job hunting. She has met with 10 different recruiters
: since May and sent out 200 résumés.
: Ms. Forriez is not poor or disadvantaged, and she holds a master’s degree
|
|
