m*******n
发帖数: 5103 | 1 此法案又称 GMO Labeling，于去年提出，在搜集足够签名后由州务卿咨请州议会表决
，但州议会并未进行讨论与表决。根据法律规定，未讨论的法案在第二年的普选时交由
选民公投，也就是今年的 11/5。如果通过，将在 7/1/2015 实施。
法案要求所有经过基因改造的食品，或者含有基因改造成分的食品，都必须明确标示。
正方认为这是民众知的权利，反方认为这会提高食品价格，尤其对本州的中小企业不利。
敬请有投票权的同学们关注此案，正反双方的意见请自行参考以下网站：
正方（主张必须标识）网站 http://yeson522.com/
反方（反对标识）网站 http://factsabout522.com/
阴谋论者可能会觉得反方一定是邪恶势力，但反方除了大公司以外，也包括本地
的中小企业。反对的原因除了提高成本，伤害本地经济以外，也有人说此法案本身不够
健全，如果实施，反而抓小放大，误导消费者。
重点是：天下事情没那么简单 --- 邪恶势力 vs. 屁民，正反双方的意见都有他们的道
理。建议同学们学习学习再决定。
此法案只是说基因改造的食品必须标识。至于基因改造的食品对人究竟有害无害，不是
此法案的重点。
目前 CT, ME 两州已经通过类似法案。也有几个州的法案被投票否决，其中包括，
notably，加州。
http://yeson522.com/about/read/
AN ACT Relating to disclosure of foods produced through genetic engineering;
adding a new chapter to Title 70 RCW; and prescribing penalties.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON:
NEW SECTION. Sec. 1. The people find that:
(1) Polls consistently show that the vast majority of the public, typically
more than ninety percent, wants to know if their food was produced using
genetic engineering. Without disclosure, consumers of genetically engineered
food unknowingly may violate their own dietary and religious restrictions.
(2) Currently, there is no federal or state law that requires food producers
to identify whether foods were produced using genetic engineering. At the
same time, the United States Food and Drug Administration does not require
safety studies of such foods. Unless these foods contain a known allergen,
the United States food and drug administration does not require the
developers of genetically engineered crops to consult with the agency.
Consultations with the United States food and drug administration are
entirely voluntary and the developers themselves may decide what information
they may wish to provide.
(3) Mandatory identification of foods produced with genetic engineering can
provide a critical method for tracking the potential health effects of
consuming foods produced through genetic engineering.
(4) Consumers have the right to know whether the foods they purchase were
produced with genetic engineering. The genetic engineering of plants and
animals is an imprecise process and often causes unintended consequences.
Mixing plant, animal, bacterial, and viral genes in combinations that cannot
occur in nature produces results that are not always predictable or
controllable, and can lead to adverse health or environmental consequences.
(5) United States government scientists have stated that the artificial
insertion of genetic material into plants, a technique unique to genetic
engineering, can cause a variety of significant problems with plant foods.
Such genetic engineering can increase the levels of known toxicants in foods
and introduce new toxicants and health concerns.
(6) Forty-nine countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Australia,
New Zealand, Thailand, Russia, the European Union member states, and other
key United States trading partners, have laws mandating disclosure of
genetically engineered foods on food labels. Many countries have
restrictions or bans against foods produced with genetic engineering.
(7) No international agreements prohibit the mandatory identification of
foods produced through genetic engineering.
(8) Numerous foreign markets with restrictions against foods produced
through genetic engineering have restricted imports of United States crops
due to concerns about genetic engineering. Some foreign markets are choosing
to purchase agricultural products from countries other than the United
States because genetically engineered crops are not identified in the United
States, making it impossible for buyers to distinguish what does or does
not meet their national labeling laws or restrictions, rendering United
States’ products less desirable. Trade losses are estimated at billions of
dollars. Mandatory identification of foods produced with genetic engineering
can be a critical method for preserving the economic value of exports to
markets with restrictions and prohibitions against genetic engineering.
(9) Industry data shows foods identified as produced without genetic
engineering, including conventional foods identified this way, are the
fastest growing label claim. Consumers have a right to an informed choice at
the point of sale.
(10) Farmers from a wheat growing region of the state have gathered more
than two thousand six hundred signatures on a petition demanding mandatory
disclosure for crops produced with genetic engineering. The farmers are
concerned they will lose their wheat export markets if genetically
engineered wheat is approved.
(11) Agriculture is Washington’s number one employer and wheat is
Washington’s number two export crop, second only to goods and services
produced by the Boeing company, and ahead of Microsoft, which ranks third.
(12) Preserving the identity, quality, and reliability of Washington’s
agricultural products is of prime importance to our state’s fiscal health.
(13) The cultivation of genetically engineered crops can cause serious
impacts to the environment. For example, most genetically engineered crops
are designed to withstand weed killing herbicides. As a result, genetically
engineered crops have caused hundreds of millions of pounds of additional
herbicides to be applied to the nation’s farmland. The massive increase in
use of these herbicides has caused emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds,
which have infested farm fields and roadsides, complicating weed control for
farmers and encouraging use of increasingly toxic and more dangerous
herbicides. These toxic herbicides damage the vitality of the soil,
contaminate drinking water supplies, and pose health risks to consumers and
farmworkers. The public should have the choice to avoid purchasing foods
produced in ways that can lead to such harm.
(14) United States department of agriculture data shows Washington state
ranks second in the nation for organic farm-gate sales at two hundred eighty
-one million dollars per year. While total United States food sales are
virtually stagnant, growing less than one percent overall, the organic food
industry grew at 7.7 percent according to 2010 data. Sales of organic fruits
and vegetables increased eleven and eight-tenths percent, accounting for
approximately twelve percent of all United States’ fruit and vegetable
sales. Organic dairy, another key industry in Washington state, grew at nine
percent and comprises nearly six percent of the total United States dairy
market. Organic farmers are prohibited from using genetically engineered
seeds or livestock feed.
(15) Trade industry data shows the organic industry is creating jobs at four
times the national rate.
(16) Published data shows organic farming is more profitable and
economically secure than conventional farming over the long term. This
important element of Washington’s economy must be protected.
(17) Conventional farmers have a right to choose what crops they grow and
many conventional farmers want to grow traditional crops developed without
genetic engineering. Identifying seeds and seed stock produced with genetic
engineering would protect farmers’ rights to know what they are purchasing
and protect their right to choose what they grow.
(18) The purpose of this chapter is to ensure people are fully informed
about whether the food they purchase and eat was produced through genetic
engineering so they may choose for themselves whether to purchase and eat
such food. Identifying foods produced through genetic engineering also will
help protect our state’s export market.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 2. The definitions in this section apply throughout this
chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise.
(1) “Department” means the Department of Health.
(2) “Enzyme” means a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other
substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the
reactions.
(3)(a) “Genetically engineered” means any food that is produced from an
organism or organisms in which the genetic material has been changed through
the application of: (i) In vitro nucleic acid techniques including
recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques and the direct injection of
nucleic acid into cells or organelles. In vitro nucleic acid techniques
include, but are not limited to, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid or
ribonucleic acid techniques that use vector systems and techniques involving
the direct introduction into the organisms of hereditary material prepared
outside the organisms, such as micro-injection, macro-injection,
chemoporation, electroporation, micro-encapsulation, and liposome fusion; or
(ii) fusion of cells, including protoplast fusion, or hybridization
techniques that overcome natural physiological, reproductive, or
recombination barriers, where the donor cells or protoplasts do not fall
within the same taxonomic family, in a way that does not occur by natural
multiplication or natural recombination.
(b) For the purposes of (a) of this subsection, “organism” means any
biological entity capable of replication, reproduction, or transferring
genetic material.
(4) “Processed food” means any food other than a raw agricultural
commodity and includes any food produced from a raw agricultural commodity
that has been subject to processing such as canning, smoking, pressing,
cooking, freezing, dehydration, fermentation, or milling.
(5) “Processing aid” means:
(a) A substance that is added to a food during the processing of the food
but is removed in some manner from the food before it is packaged in its
finished form;
(b) A substance that is added to a food during processing, is converted into
constituents normally present in the food, and does not significantly
increase the amount of the constituents naturally found in the food; or
(c) A substance that is added to a food for its technical or functional
effects in the processing but is present in the finished food at
insignificant levels and does not have any technical or functional effect in
that finished food.
(6) “Raw agricultural commodity” has the same meaning as defined by 21 U.S
.C. Sec. 321.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 3. (1) Beginning July 1, 2015, any food offered for retail
sale in Washington is misbranded if it is, or may have been, entirely or
partly produced with genetic engineering and that fact is not disclosed as
follows:
(a) In the case of a raw agricultural commodity, on the package offered for
retail sale, with the words “genetically engineered” stated clearly and
conspicuously on the front of the package of such a commodity, or in the
case of such a commodity that is not separately packaged or labeled, on a
label appearing on the retail store shelf or bin where such a commodity is
displayed for sale;
(b) In the case of any processed food, on the front of the package of such
food produced by a manufacturer, with the words “partially produced with
genetic engineering” or “may be partially produced with genetic
engineering” stated clearly and conspicuously; and
(c) In the case of any seed or seed stock, on the seed or seed stock
container, sales receipt or any other reference to identification, ownership
, or possession, with the words “genetically engineered” or “produced
with genetic engineering” stated clearly and conspicuously.
(2) Subsections (1) and (3) of this section do not require either the
listing or identification of any ingredient or ingredients that were
genetically engineered, nor that the term “genetically engineered” be
placed immediately preceding any common name or primary product descriptor
of a food.
(3) Subsection (1) of this section does not apply to any of the following:
(a) Food consisting entirely of, or derived entirely from, an animal that
has not itself been genetically engineered, regardless of whether the animal
has been fed or injected with any food produced with genetic engineering or
any drug that has been produced through means of genetic engineering;
(b) A raw agricultural commodity or food that has been grown, raised,
produced, or derived without the knowing and intentional use of genetically
engineered seed or food. To be included within the exclusion under this
subsection, the person supplying a raw agricultural commodity or food must
provide a sworn statement that the raw agricultural commodity or food: (i)
Has not been knowingly or intentionally produced through genetic engineering
; and (ii) has been segregated from, and has not been knowingly or
intentionally commingled with, foods that may have been genetically
engineered at any time. In providing such a sworn statement, a person may
rely on a sworn statement from his or her own supplier that contains such an
affirmation;
(c) Any processed food that would be subject to this section solely because
one or more processing aids or enzymes were produced or derived with genetic
engineering;
(d) Any alcoholic beverage that is subject to regulation under Title 66 RCW;
(e) Until July 1, 2019, any processed food that would be subject to this
section solely because it includes one or more materials produced by genetic
engineering, provided that the engineered materials in the aggregate do not
account for more than nine-tenths of one percent of the total weight of the
processed food;
(f) Food that an independent organization has determined has not been
knowingly and intentionally produced from or commingled with genetically
engineered seed or genetically engineered food, provided that such a
determination has been made pursuant to a sampling and testing procedure
approved for this purpose in rules adopted by the department. These rules
may not approve a sampling and testing procedure unless it is consistent
with sampling and testing principles recommended by internationally
recognized standards organizations, such as the international standards
association and the grain and feed trade association. No testing procedure
may be approved by the department unless: (i) It does not rely on testing
processed foods in which no deoxyribonucleic acid is detectable; and (ii) it
is consistent with the most recent “Guidelines on Performance Criteria and
Validation of Methods for Detection, Identification and Quantification of
Specific DNA Sequences and Specific Proteins in Foods” (CAC/GL 74, 2010)
published by the codex alimentarius commission;
(g) Food that has been lawfully certified to be labeled, marketed, and
offered for sale as “organic” pursuant to the federal organic foods
production act of 1990 and the regulations promulgated pursuant thereto by
the United States department of agriculture;
(h) Food that is not packaged for retail sale and that either: (i) Is a
processed food prepared and intended for immediate human consumption; or (ii
) is served, sold, or otherwise provided in any restaurant or other food
service establishment that is engaged primarily in the sale of food prepared
and intended for immediate human consumption; or
(i) Medical food.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 4. The department may adopt rules necessary to implement
this chapter, provided that the department is not authorized to create any
exemptions beyond those provided in section 3(3) of this act.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 5. (1) The department, acting through the attorney general
, may bring an action in a court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin any
person violating this chapter.
(2) The department may assess a civil penalty against any person violating
this chapter in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars per day. Each
day of violation is considered a separate violation.
(3) An action to enjoin a violation of this chapter may be brought in any
court of competent jurisdiction by any person in the public interest if the
action is commenced more than sixty days after the person has given notice
of the alleged violation to the department, the attorney general, and to the
alleged violator.
(4) The court may award to a prevailing plaintiff reasonable costs and
attorneys’ fees incurred in investigating and prosecuting an action to
enforce this chapter.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 6. Sections 1 through 5 of this act constitute a new
chapter in Title 70 RCW.
NEW SECTION. Sec. 7. If any provision of this act or its application to any
person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the act or the
application of the provision to other persons or circumstances is not
affected. | g*****A
发帖数: 14950 | | m*******n
发帖数: 5103 | 3 乖，有耐性，慢慢看。
【在 g*****A 的大作中提到】
: 求摘要
: 简单版
| s*y
发帖数: 18644 | 4 没看原文，前段时间听广播，大意是
正方： 转基因可能有害，要贴标签
反方： 不能证明有害，贴标签成本太高
【在 g*****A 的大作中提到】
: 求摘要
: 简单版
| g*****A
发帖数: 14950 | 5 看看人家
知道啥叫差距吗？？？？？？？？？？？、
喂···········半夜三更你给我这么多包子想撑死我( ⊙ o ⊙ )啊！ | m*******n
发帖数: 5103 | 6 是，知错了。。。
【在 g*****A 的大作中提到】
: 看看人家
: 知道啥叫差距吗？？？？？？？？？？？、
: 喂···········半夜三更你给我这么多包子想撑死我( ⊙ o ⊙ )啊！
|
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