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发信人: lajabor (我是冠军！内定的！), 信区: board
标 题: Re: [申请] Running版版副--bendm
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sat Jan 9 21:01:41 2016, 美东)
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Dose of Jogging and Long-term Mortality: The Copenhagen City Heart Study
Peter Schnohr, MD, DMSC; James H. O'Keefe, MD; Jacob L. Marott, MSC; Peter
Lange, MD, DMSC; Gorm B. Jensen, MD, DMSC
Disclosures
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):411-419.
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Background People who are physically active have at least a 30% lower risk
of death during follow-up compared with those who are inactive. However, the
ideal dose of exercise for improving longevity is uncertain.
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the association between
jogging and long-term, all-cause mortality by focusing specifically on the
effects of pace, quantity, and frequency of jogging.
Methods As part of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, 1,098 healthy joggers
and 3,950 healthy nonjoggers have been prospectively followed up since 2001.
Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed with age as the
underlying time scale and delayed entry.
Results Compared with sedentary nonjoggers, 1 to 2.4 h of jogging per week
was associated with the lowest mortality (multivariable hazard ratio [HR]: 0
.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11 to 0.80). The optimal frequency of
jogging was 2 to 3 times per week (HR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.69) or ≤1
time per week (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.72). The optimal pace was slow (
HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.24 to 1.10) or average (HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.66).
The joggers were divided into light, moderate, and strenuous joggers. The
lowest HR for mortality was found in light joggers (HR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10
to 0.47), followed by moderate joggers (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.38) and
strenuous joggers (HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 0.48 to 8.14).
Conclusions The findings suggest a U-shaped association between all-cause
mortality and dose of jogging as calibrated by pace, quantity, and frequency
of jogging. Light and moderate joggers have lower mortality than sedentary
nonjoggers, whereas strenuous joggers have a mortality rate not
statistically different from that of the sedentary group.
Introduction
The most famous case of sudden death in connection with running is that of
Pheidippides, a professional running courier who in 490 B.C. is believed to
have run from Marathon to Athens, Greece, a distance of approximately 25
miles, to bring news of the Athenian victory over the Persians. Upon
reaching the Athenian Agora, he exclaimed "Nike!" ("victory"), collapsed,
and died. Some historians, believing this is a myth, favor another version:
that after his run from Marathon to Athens, Pheidippides continued to Sparta
for military help. He ran the distance from Athens to Sparta, 137 miles, in
48 h.[1]
In 1953, Morris et al.[2] published a paper showing that mortality from
coronary heart disease (CHD) was more than twice as high in sedentary London
bus drivers compared with physically active conductors. This pioneering
work gave rise to the hypothesis that physical activity might be of
importance in prevention of CHD.
As part of a report from the President's Council on Youth Fitness, a message
in 1965 from President Lyndon B. Johnson stated the following: "Medical
evidence tells us that our hearts, lungs, muscles and even our minds need
the effects of regular and vigorous exercise".[3] Since then, numerous
recommendations about physical fitness in leisure time have been published,
and they have in general recommended that every adult should perform >30 min
of moderate-intensity physical activity preferably every day of the week.
National guidelines also call for a combination of moderate- and vigorous-
intensity activity, such as walking briskly for 30 min twice a week and then
jogging for 20 min on 2 other days. The data strongly support an inverse
association between regular exercise and mortality. In longitudinal studies,
physically active men and women have an approximately 30% lower risk of
death during follow-up compared with inactive people. No upper threshold for
physical activity has ever been recommended.[4–6]
In 1969, the first running race in Europe (the Eremitage Race) took place in
Denmark; 2,344 men and women finished the distance of 7.6 miles.
Unfortunately, a 46-year-old naval officer died of a myocardial infarction
during this event. As a result of this death, the event organizers hesitated
to continue running races, reasoning that perhaps they were too strenuous
and possibly dangerous for the general population. (The race has continued
and has gained in popularity.) Subsequently, during the 1970s, when jogging
gained momentum, several reports of deaths during jogging were published.[7
–13]
The Copenhagen City Heart Study[14,15] reported that the relative intensity
of walking and cycling and not the duration was of most importance in
relation to all-cause and CHD mortality. Subsequently, the Copenhagen City
Heart Study showed that the increase in survival among joggers was 6.2 years
in men and 5.6 years in women. This particular analysis was performed in a
random sample of 1,878 joggers who were followed for up to 35 years and
compared with 16,827 nonjoggers. Jogging up to 2.5 h per week at a slow or
average pace and a frequency of ≤3 times per week was associated with the
lowest mortality. Those who jogged >4 h per week, at a fast pace, and >3
times per week appeared to lose many of the longevity benefits noted with
less strenuous doses of jogging.[16] This finding was somewhat surprising.
In the present study, we explore in more detail whether a U-shaped
association exists between mortality and dose of jogging as calibrated by
pace, quantity, and frequency of jogging. |
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